The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Toluene

RTECS #: XS5250000

CAS #: 108-88-3

UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 92.15 MF: C7H8


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:
  3. MUTATION DATA:
  4. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  5. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  6. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  7. REVIEWS:
  8. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  9. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  10. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  11. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Antisal 1a
  2. Benzene, methyl -
  3. CP 25
  4. Methacide
  5. Methane, phenyl -
  6. NCI - C07272
  7. Phenylmethane
  8. RCRA waste number U220
  9. Methylbenzene
  1. Methylbenzol
  2. Tolueen (Dutch)
  3. Toluen (Czech)
  4. Tolueno (Spanish)
  5. Toluol
  6. Toluolo (Italian)
  7. Tolu - Sol
  8. Toluene (ACGIH:OSHA)


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
eye
human 		300 ppm N/R JIHTAB 25,282,1943
eye
rabbit 		870 µg mild UCDS** 7/23/1970
eye
rabbit 		2 mg/24 hour severe 85JCAE -,29,1986
eye
rabbit 		100 mg/30S rinse mild FCTOD7 20,573,1982
skin
pig 		250 µL/24 hour mild TXCYAC 161,1,2001
skin
rabbit 		435 mg mild UCDS** 7/23/1970
skin
rabbit 		500 mg moderate FCTOD7 20,563,1982
skin
rabbit 		20 mg/24 hour moderate 85JCAE -,29,1986


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis inhalation
rat 		5,400 µg/m3/16 week- intermittent GTPZAB 25(7),33,1981
cytogenetic analysis subcutaneous
rat 		9,600 mg/kg/12 day- intermittent GISAAA 37(10),36,1972
DNA damage rat liver 30 µmol/L SinJF# 26OCT1982
unscheduled DNA synthesis Escherichia coli 1 pph JOBAAY 137,397,1979
unscheduled DNA synthesis other microorganisms 1 pph/15 minute- continuous JOVIAM 12,1195,1973
micronucleus test oral
mouse 		200 mg/kg MUREAV 147,294,1985
micronucleus test intraperitoneal
mouse 		433 µg/kg/24 hour ARTODN 58,106,1985
other mutation test systems inhalation
grasshopper 		20 pph/16 hour MUREAV 113,467,1983
sister chromatid exchange inhalation
human 		252 µg/L/19 year MUREAV 519,171,2002
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction oral
Drosophila melanogaster 		1 pph CONAEL 1,35,1985


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
hamster 		lowest published toxic concentration: 800 mg/m3/6 hour (6-11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral BJMRDK 23,533,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m3/24 hour (6-13 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) TXCYAC 11,55,1978
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 ppm/6 hour (2-17 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system TJEMDR 7,265,1982
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 400 ppm/7 hour (7-16 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		FAATDF 6,145,1986
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 200 ppm/7 hour (7-16 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system FAATDF 6,145,1986
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 mg/m3/24 hour (1-8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		TXCYAC 11,55,1978
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 mg/m3/24 hour (7-14 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system FMORAO 28,286,1980
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,000 ppm/6 hour (7-17 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		JTSCDR 20,109,1995
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 800 mg/m3/6 hour (14-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		BJMRDK 23,533,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,200 ppm/6 hour (9-12 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects ARTODN 71,258,1997
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 6,000 mg/m3 (4 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death 		VCVGH* -,145,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 6,000 mg/m3 (21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death 		VCVGH* -,145,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,800 ppm (7-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		ARTODN 75,103,2001
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,000 ppm (multigeneration) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		REPTED 17,649,2003
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1 gm/m3/24 hour (7-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion ATSUDG 8,425,1985
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 100 ppm/6 hour (6-18 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system ARTODN 66,373,1992
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 9 gm/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death TJADAB 19,41A,1979
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 gm/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) TJADAB 19,41A,1979
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 gm/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) TJADAB 19,41A,1979
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 8,700 mg/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) VCVGH* -,145,1990
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 7,280 mg/kg (6-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) PEREBL 36,811,1994
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,100 mg/kg (6-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		REPTED 12,119,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 16 mL/kg (6-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical PEREBL 47,362,2000


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
N/R
 N/R N/R N/R


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
guinea pig 		lowest published lethal concentration: 1,600 ppm Behavioral: General anesthetic

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Irritability 		JIDHAN 10,261,1928
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 200 ppm Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS

Behavioral: Antipsychotic

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above 		JAMAAP 123,1106,1943
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 825 mg/m3/6 hour Olfaction: Change in sensation of smell

Eye: Conjunctiva irritation

Behavioral: Headache 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 750 mg/m3/8 hour Eye: Conjunctiva irritation

Behavioral: Wakefulness

Behavioral: Headache 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,125 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: Ataxia VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 mg/m3/8 hour Eye: Lacrimation

Eye: Conjunctiva irritation

Behavioral: Ataxia 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,875 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: Ataxia

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 3,000 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: Wakefulness

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 5,625 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Ataxia 		VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published lethal concentration: 15,000 mg/m3/1 hour Behavioral: General anesthetic

Behavioral: Ataxia 		VCVGH* -,145,1990
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 37,500 mg/m3 Behavioral: General anesthetic VCVGH* -,145,1990
inhalation
mammal (species unspecified) 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 30 gm/m3 N/R GTPZAB 32(10),25,1988
inhalation
man 		lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests 		WEHRBJ 9,131,1972
inhalation
man 		lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition TOLED5 129,65,2002
inhalation
mouse 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 400 ppm/24 hour N/R NRTXDN 2,567,1981
inhalation
mouse 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 30,000 mg/m3/2 hour N/R VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 19,900 mg/m3/7 hour N/R VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10,000 mg/m3 Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published lethal concentration: 30,000 mg/m3 N/R VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 ppm/30 minute Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving segmental distribution TXAPA9 193,9,2003
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,746 ppm/30 minute Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving segmental distribution

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning 		TXAPA9 193,9,2003
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 4,000 ppm/30 minute Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving segmental distribution

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning 		TXAPA9 193,9,2003
inhalation
rat 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 49 gm/m3/4 hour N/R GTPZAB 32(10),23,1988
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 ppm/6 hour Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic

Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympatholytic 		NETEEC 22,603,2001
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 40 mL/kg/2 hour Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight

Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count 		VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 mg/m3/4 hour Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Histamines (including liberation not immunochemical in origin) 		VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 4,000 mg/m3/1 hour Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 ppm/2 hour Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,000 ppm Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests

Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP 		TOXID9 72,180,2003
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 40 mL/kg/2 hour Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight

Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count 		VCVGH* -,143,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 45,000 ppm/3 minute Behavioral: General anesthetic VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 45,000 ppm/9 minute Eye: Miosis (pupilliary constriction) VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 45,000 ppm/11 minute Ear: Tumors VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 45,000 ppm/15 minute Eye: Other eye effects VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 45,000 ppm/16 minute Behavioral: Tremor VCVGH* -,144,1990
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published lethal concentration: 45,000 ppm/40 minute N/R VCVGH* -,144,1990
intraperitoneal
guinea pig 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kg N/R NRTXDN 2,567,1981
intraperitoneal
mammal (species unspecified) 		lowest published lethal dose: 1,750 mg/kg Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes 		AJHYA2 7,276,1927
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 59 mg/kg N/R NRTXDN 2,567,1981
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1,332 mg/kg N/R ENVRAL 40,411,1986
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published lethal dose: 2.5 mL/kg N/R PNSCC* 16,162,1992
intravenous
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1,960 mg/kg N/R MELAAD 54,486,1963
intravenous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 130 mg/kg N/R HAEMAX 58,491,1973
oral
human 		lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg N/R YAKUD5 22,883,1980
oral
mammal (species unspecified) 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4 gm/kg N/R GTPZAB 32(10),25,1988
oral
man 		lowest published lethal dose: 719 µL/kg Cardiac: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema

Liver: Other changes 		FSINDR 41,255,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,000 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Excitement

Behavioral: Ataxia 		VCVGH* -,143,1990
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 636 mg/kg N/R NRTXDN 2,567,1981
oral
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		JTEHD6 25,87,1988
subcutaneous
frog 		lowest published lethal dose: 920 mg/kg Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) 		AEPPAE 130,250,1928
subcutaneous
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,250 mg/kg N/R NRTXDN 8,237,1987
skin
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 14,100 µL/kg N/R AIHAAP 30,470,1969
unreported route
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2 gm/kg N/R GISAAA 45(12),64,1980
unreported route
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 6,900 mg/kg N/R GISAAA 45(12),64,1980


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 12,000 ppm/10 minute/8 week- intermittent Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		TXAPA9 61,302,1981
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,250 ppm/6 hour/14 week- intermittent Liver: Changes in liver weight

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		NTPTR* NTP-TR-371,1990
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,000 ppm/6 hour/20 day- intermittent Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count 		JTSCDR 2,363,1977
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 250 ppm/4 day- continuous Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Abuse 		LIFSAK 72,3035,2003
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,600 ppm/20 hour/7 day- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		AJHYA2 7,276,1927
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 12,000 ppm/10 minute/8 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases 		TXAPA9 61,302,1981
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6 hour/2 year- intermittent Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Blood: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		FAATDF 3,315,1983
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,500 ppm/6.5 hour/15 week- intermittent Cardiac: Changes in heart weight

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight 		NTPTR* NTP-TR-371,1990
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 ppm/6 hour/26 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum 		PHTOEH 68,384,1991
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 320 ppm/24 hour/30 day- continuous Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		TXCYAC 45,123,1987
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 300 mg/m3/5 hour/21 day- intermittent Olfaction: Other olfaction effects BCTKAG 13,365,1980
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,200 ppm/8 hour/23 week- intermittent Behavioral: Ataxia

Musculoskeletal: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		NETEEC 13,387,1991
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 6,000 ppm/2 hour/5 week- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) TXCYAC 139,193,1999
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/6 hour/3 day- continuous Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS 		TOLED5 5,393,1980
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 ppm/4 hour/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		JTSCDR 25,223,2000
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,500 ppm/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		JTSCDR 25,223,2000
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,895 ppm/30 minute/6 day- intermittent Behavioral: Abuse

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests 		EJPHAZ 477,45,2003
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/4 hour/26 week- intermittent Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity GISAAA 32(9),105,1967
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 11,058 µg/kg/30 day- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases 		TIHEEC 9,479,1993
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 52 mL/kg/4 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		NETEEC 26,195,2004
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,548 ng/kg/3 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) 		TOLED5 144,55,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 227 gm/kg/13 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight 		NTPTR* NTP-TR-371,1990
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,940 mg/kg/4 week- continuous Liver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response 		ENVRAL 49,93,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 8,400 mg/kg/14 day- intermittent Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count 		DCTODJ 17,317,1994
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 95.2 mg/kg/4 week- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes IMMPH* 21,23,1991
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,134 mg/kg/14 day- continuous Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia IMMPH* 21,23,1991
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,268 mg/kg/4 week- continuous Blood: Changes in spleen

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response 		IMMPH* 21,23,1991
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 42,380 mg/kg/49 day- intermittent Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		NETEEC 10,525,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 27,645 mg/kg/3 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition 		TOXID9 5,62,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 162 gm/kg/13 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight 		NTPTR* NTP-TR-371,1990
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 10,500 mg/kg/7 day- intermittent Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function

Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning 		NTOTDY 8,103,1986
skin
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 217 mg/kg/2 day- continuous Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation VCVGH* -,148,1990


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 50 ppm (skin) DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 47,79,1989
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal No Evidence IMEMDT 71,829,1999
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 47,79,1989
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 71,829,1999
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Group3 IMEMDT 71,829,1999
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,111,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 566,21,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FNSCA6 2,67,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 47,75,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CTOXAO 11(5),549,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JACTDZ 6(1),77,1987
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TIHEEC 4,49,1988
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NTOTDY 3,407,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JTCTDW 38,37,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,197,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 128,85,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 138,51,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 5432012003


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 100 ppm (375 mg/m3) (skin) DTLWS* 3,29,1973
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 200 ppm;
ceiling concentration 300;
peak concentration 500/10 minute 		CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 200 ppm (750 mg/m3) CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 200 ppm (750 mg/m3) CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 200 ppm (750 mg/m3) CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 100 ppm (375 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 150 ppm, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA MAK 100 ppm (380 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 100 ppm (377 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 150 ppm (565 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 35 ppm (130 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 100 ppm (375 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 150 ppm, Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VME 100 ppm (375 mg/m3), VLE 150 ppm (550 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY MAK 50 ppm (190 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY time-weighted average 100 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 300 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 150 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY time-weighted average 25 ppm (94 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 100 ppm (375 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 100 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 350 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA time-weighted average 100 ppm, short term exposure limit 50 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN NGV 50 ppm (200 mg/m3), TKV 100 ppm (400 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 50 ppm (190 mg/m3), KZG- week 250 ppm (950 mg/m3),JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 200 ppm, short term exposure limit 300 ppm, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY time-weighted average 200 ppm (750 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM time-weighted average 50 ppm (191 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 150 ppm, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO TOLUENE-air 10 hour time-weighted average 100 ppm;
short term exposure limit 150 ppm 		NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 73300;
Number of Industries 412;
Total Number of Facilities 125,516;
Number of Occupations 206;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,589,482
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 73300;
Number of Industries 399;
Total Number of Facilities 128,510;
Number of Occupations 232;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 2,015,881;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 391,255


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/2000/108028)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Cell transform.-SA7/SHE; In vitro SCE-human
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: E coli polA without S9
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA 8(a) PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT INFORMATION, FINAL RULE FEREAC 47,26992,82
Used as an industrial chemical, chemical intermediate, solvent and emulsifier
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
On EPA IRIS database
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Toluene in blood, 8002
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Hydrocarbons, BP 36-126 degree C, 1500
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Hydrocarbons, aromatic, 1501
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Toluene (passive), 4000
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (inhal);no evidence:mouse,rat
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #111


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986
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GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
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Used as an industrial chemical, chemical intermediate, solvent and emulsifier

Top 50 chemical production: 6.03 billions lbs in 1992, 6.30 billions in 1991

NIOSH PROFILE (PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (SPRAY PAINTING), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING), SRI, 2/7

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

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