The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Nickel

RTECS #: QR5950000

CAS #: 7440-02-0

UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 58.71 MF: Ni


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. MUTATION DATA:
  3. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  4. TUMORIGENIC DATA:
  5. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  6. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  7. REVIEWS:
  8. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  9. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  10. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  11. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Alcan 756
  2. C.I. 77775
  3. Carbonyl nickel powder
  4. EL12
  5. Fibrex
  6. Fibrex P
  7. NP 2
  8. Ni 0901 - S
  9. Ni 270
  1. Ni 4303T
  2. Nichel (Italian)
  3. Nickel 270
  4. Nickel particles
  5. Nickel sponge
  6. Nickel, metal
  7. Nickel, metal (ACGIH:OSHA)
  8. Raney alloy
  9. Raney nickel


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
N/R
 N/R N/R N/R


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
morphological transform hamster kidney 400 mg/L IAPUDO 53,193,1984
morphological transform hamster embryo 5 µmol/L TOXID9 1,132,1981


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 158 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death 		AEHLAU 23,102,1971


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic concentration: 15 mg/m3/91 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Bronchogenic carcinoma 		AMPLAO 65,600,1958
implant
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JNCIAM 16,55,1955
implant
rat 		toxic dose : 23 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JNCIAM 16,55,1955
implant
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 165 mg/kg/2 year- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Uterine tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JNCIAM 16,55,1955
intramuscular
hamster 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/21 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PWPSA8 14,68,1971
intramuscular
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NCIUS* PH43-64-886
intramuscular
mouse 		toxic dose : 800 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NCIUS* PH43-64-886
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		IAPUDO 53,127,1984
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 58 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PAACA3 17,11,1976
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 125 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NCIUS* PH43-64-886
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 90 mg/kg/18 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NCIUS* PH43-64-886
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 889 µg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JPTLAS 97,375,1969
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 200 mg/kg/21 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PWPSA8 14,68,1971
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 1 gm/kg/17 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PAACA3 9,28,1968
intrapleural
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg/21 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PWPSA8 16,150,1973
intrapleural
rat 		toxic dose : 1,250 mg/kg/17 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		TRBMAV 10,167,1952
intrapleural
rat 		toxic dose : 125 mg/kg/21 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		PWPSA8 16,150,1973
parenteral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 40 mg/kg/52 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Uterine tumors 		AEHLAU 5,445,1962
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,000 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JNCIAM 16,55,1955


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 250 mg/kg Vascular: Regional or general arteriolar or venous dilation

Liver: Other changes

Blood: Other changes 		INMEAF 15,482,1946
intraperitoneal
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 7 mg/kg N/R NTIS** PB158-508
intratracheal
rat 		lowest published lethal dose: 12 mg/kg N/R NTIS** AEC-TR-6710
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Fluid intake

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria 		FATOAO 23,549,1960
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg N/R VCVN5* -,491,1989
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kg N/R YAKUD5 22,455,1980
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) 		VCVN5* -,490,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg Gastrointestinal: Other changes VCVN5* -,490,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published lethal dose: 5 gm/kg N/R FDRLI* 7684D,1983
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) 		VCVN5* -,490,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg Gastrointestinal: Other changes VCVN5* -,490,1989
subcutaneous
cat 		lowest published lethal dose: 12,500 µg/kg N/R NTIS** PB158-508
subcutaneous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 7,500 µg/kg N/R NTIS** PB158-508


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 100 µg/m3/24 hour/17 week- continuous Liver: Liver function tests impaired

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count 		GISAAA 39(11),8,1974
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1,700 µg/m3/6 hour/5 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		ENVRAL 26,353,1981
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 130 µg/m3/6 hour/35 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		ENVRAL 30,89,1983
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1 mg/m3/6 hour/26 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes ENVRAL 23,170,1980
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 1 mg/m3/6 hour/13 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight

Blood: Hemorrhage 		EXMPA6 41,26,1984
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		FATOAO 23,549,1960
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		FATOAO 23,549,1960
intravenous
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		FATOAO 23,549,1960
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		FATOAO 23,549,1960
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field 		FATOAO 23,549,1960


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 1.5 mg(Ni)/m3 ( intermittent) DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 5 mg/m3 (welding fumes-total particu DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Confirmed Human Carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT 49,257,1990
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Sufficient Evidence IMSUDL 7,264,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 49,257,1990
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Group 2B IMEMDT 49,257,1990
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ACLSCP 3,156,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MAERE* 51,247,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
KOTTAM 11,1300,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MIBUBI 9,321,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FCTXAV 9,105,1971
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
85DHAX Ni,168,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
85CVA2 5,63,1970
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
31BYAP -,93,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NTIS** CONF-691001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
GSAMAQ 123,109,1971
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
PEXTAR 12,102,1969
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
DICHAK 54,527,1968
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AMTODM 3,209,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CREOH* 42,93,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,63,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 134,3,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 134,17,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,109,2004


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 1 mg/m3 DTLWS* 3,24,1973
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 1 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, Skin, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VME 1 mg/m3, continuous3 Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY short term exposure limit 0.005 mg(Ni)/m3, Carcinogen (insoluble compounds), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 1 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 1 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 0.25 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA short term exposure limit 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN NGV 0.5 mg/m3 (dust), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 0.5 mg/m3, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 1 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Confirmed Human Carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Confirmed Human Carcinogen


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO NICKEL, INORGANIC-air Carcinogen;
10 hour time-weighted average 0.015 mg(Ni)/m3 		NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 50420;
Number of Industries 55;
Total Number of Facilities 1,867;
Number of Occupations 52;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 23,272
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5096;
Number of Industries 2;
Total Number of Facilities 7;
Number of Occupations 4;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 110
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5918;
Number of Industries 14;
Total Number of Facilities 678;
Number of Occupations 17;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 6,440;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 611
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5986;
Number of Industries 14;
Total Number of Facilities 1,124;
Number of Occupations 15;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 10,233;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 80
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X8294;
Number of Industries 1;
Total Number of Facilities 9;
Number of Occupations 1;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 611
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 50420;
Number of Industries 260;
Total Number of Facilities 32,771;
Number of Occupations 116;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 507,681;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 19,673


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/98/101199/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used as an alloy additive in steel manufacture, in the production of coins, utensils
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements by ICP, 7300
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Metals in urine, 8310
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements in blood or tissue, 8005
NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID125G


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
31BYAP "Experimental Lung Cancer: Carcinogenesis and Bioassays, International Symposium, 1974," Karbe, E., and J.F. Park, eds., Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1974
85CVA2 "Oncology 1970, Proceedings of the Tenth International Cancer Congress," Chicago, Year Book Medical Pub., 1971
85DHAX "Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants Series," Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1972-77
ACLSCP Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. (1833 Delancey Pl., Philadelphia, PA 19103) V.1- 1971-
AEHLAU Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960-
AMPLAO AMA Archives of Pathology. (Chicago, IL) V.50(4)-69, 1950-60. For publisher information, see APLMAS.
AMTODM Advances in Modern Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1, 1976-79. Discontinued.
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)
CREOH* Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology (Elsevier Science, P.O.Box 7247-7682,Philadelphia,PA 19170 -7682,USA OR Elsevier Science B.V.,P.O.Box 1270,1000 BG Amsterdam,The Netherlands) V. 1- 1983-
DICHAK Diseases of the Chest. (Chicago, IL) V.1-56, 1935-69. For publisher information, see CHETBF.
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996
DTLWS* "Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air," Supplements. For publisher information, see 85INA8.
ENVRAL Environmental Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1967-
EXMPA6 Experimental and Molecular Pathology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1962-
FATOAO Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow). For English translation, see PHTXA6 and RPTOAN. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.2- 1939-
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7.
FDRLI* Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Papers. (P.O. Box 107, Rt. 17C, Waverly, NY 14892-0107)
GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
GSAMAQ Memoir--Geological Society of America. (POB 9140, Boulder, CO 80302) No.1- 1934-
IAPUDO IARC Publications. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.27- 1979-
IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972-
IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979-
INMEAF Industrial Medicine. (Chicago, IL) V.1-18, 1932-49. For publisher information, see IOHSA5.
JNCIAM Journal of the National Cancer Institute. (Washington, DC) V.1-60, 1940-78. For publisher information, see JJIND8.
JPTLAS Journal of Pathology. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158) V.97- 1969-
KOTTAM Kogai to Taisaku. Journal of Environmental Pollution Control. (Kogai Taisaku Gijutsu Dokokai, Shuwa-Akasaka Bldg., 9-1-244, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan) V.1- 1965-
MAERE* Marine Environmental Research. (Kidlington, Oxford : Elsevier) V. 1- 1978-
MIBUBI Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. Bulletin of Microbiology. (c/o Dr. A. Tevfik Cenqiz, Ankara Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Mikrobiyoloji Ana Bilim Dah, Ankara, Turkey) V.1- 1967-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
NCIUS* Progress Report for Contract No. PH-43-64-886, Submitted to the National Cancer Institute by The Institute of Chemical Biology, University of San Francisco. (San Francisco, CA 94117)
NIOSH* National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
PAACA3 Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research. (Waverly Press, 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1954-
PEXTAR Progress in Experimental Tumor Research. (S. Karger AG, Postfach CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland) V.1- 1960-
PWPSA8 Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society. (Univ. of California Dept. of Pharmacology, Los Angeles, CA 90024) V.1- 1958-
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TRBMAV Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine. (Galveston, TX) V.1-41(2), 1943-81/82. Discontinued.
VCVN5* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov V-VII groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing V-VII group elements), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1989.
YAKUD5 Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. (Yakugyo Jihosha, Inaoka Bldg., 2-36 Jinbo-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1959-

Used as an alloy additive in steel manufacture, in the production of coins, utensils

NIOSH PROFILE (ELECTROPLATING), FIRL, 4/78

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector

 Click Here for Additional Information about RTECS