The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

2 - Furaldehyde

RTECS #: LT7000000

CAS #: 98-01-1


UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 96.09 MF: C5H4O2


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:
  3. MUTATION DATA:
  4. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  5. TUMORIGENIC DATA:
  6. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  7. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  8. REVIEWS:
  9. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  10. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  11. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  12. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Artificial ant oil
  2. Artificial oil of ants
  3. 2 - Formylofuran (Polish)
  4. 2 - Formylfuran
  5. Fural
  6. Furfural
  7. 2 - Furfural
  8. Furfural (ACGIH:OSHA)
  9. Furfuraldehyde
  10. Furfurale (Italian)
  11. Furfurol
  12. Furfurole
  13. 2 - Furil - metanale (Italian)
  1. 2 - Furylaldehyde
  2. 2 - Furylcarboxaldehyde
  3. 2 - Furyl - methanal
  4. NCI - C56177
  5. RCRA waste number U125
  6. 2 - Furanaldehyde
  7. Furale
  8. 2 - Furancarbonal
  9. 2 - Furancarboxaldehyde
  10. 2 - Furankarbaldehyd (Czech)
  11. Furole
  12. alpha - Furole
  13. Pyromucic aldehyde


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM
DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
eye
rabbit
100 mg/24 hour moderate 85JCAE -,788,1986
skin
rabbit
20 mg/24 hour moderate 85JCAE -,788,1986
skin
rabbit
500 mg/24 hour mild FCTXAV 16,759,1978


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE
DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis hamster lung 1 gm/L MUREAV 227,117,1989
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 2,500 µmol/L CALEDQ 13,89,1981
cytogenetic analysis oral
mouse
0.5 ppb EMMUEG 39,69,2002
cytogenetic analysis oral
rat
0.5 ppb EMMUEG 39,69,2002
DNA inhibition human HeLa cell 3 mmol/L CRNGDP 13,2389,1992
DNA repair Bacillus subtilis 1,700 µg/disc DFSCDX 13,353,1986
unscheduled DNA synthesis human liver 2 nmol/L/24 hour FCTOD7 39,999,2001
mutation in microorganisms Salmonella typhimurium 8,094 µg/plate (+/-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 58,205,1978
mutation in mammalian somatic cells mouse lymphocyte 200 mg/L EMMUEG 11,91,1988
other mutation test systems hamster lung 1 gm/L MUREAV 227,117,1989
other mutation test systems oral
mouse
100 mg/kg MUREAV 343,157,1995
sister chromatid exchange hamster ovary 11,700 µg/L NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
sister chromatid exchange human lymphocyte 70 µmol/L MUREAV 156,233,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction parenteral
Drosophila melanogaster
100 ppm ENMUDM 7,677,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction oral
Drosophila melanogaster
5,000 ppm MUREAV 280,75,1992
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction intraperitoneal
Drosophila melanogaster
5,000 ppm MUREAV 280,75,1992
specific locus test oral
Drosophila melanogaster
5,000 ppm MUREAV 280,75,1992
specific locus test oral
mouse
0.5 ppb EMMUEG 39,69,2002
specific locus test oral
rat
0.5 ppb EMMUEG 39,69,2002


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM
DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
intraperitoneal
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 360 mg/kg (6 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) WDZAEK 8,129,1994
intraperitoneal
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) WDZAEK 6,290,1992


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM
DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
oral
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 90,125 mg/kg/2 year- continuous Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
oral
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 90,125 mg/kg/103 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors
NTIS** PB91-108662
oral
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 90,125 mg/kg/103 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors
NTIS** PB91-108662
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 30,900 mg/kg/2 year- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 30,900 mg/kg/103 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Angiosarcoma
NTIS** PB91-108662


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM
DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
dog
lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 370 ppm/6 hour N/R 34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation
human
lowest published toxic concentration: 310 µg/m3 N/R GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation
mouse
lowest published lethal concentration: 370 ppm/6 hour N/R 34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation
rat
lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 175 ppm/6 hour Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
AIHAAP 50,A359,1989
inhalation
rat
lethal concentration : 184 mg/kg/3 hour N/R FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published lethal concentration: 640 mg/m3/6 hour N/R FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
intramuscular
rabbit
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 78 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal
mouse
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 102 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal
rat
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous
dog
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 250 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous
mouse
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 152 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
oral
dog
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 950 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Ataxia

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
34ZIAG -,279,1969
oral
guinea pig
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 541 mg/kg Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Hemorrhage
HYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
oral
mouse
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Active as anti-cancer agent BIJOAK 34,1196,1940
oral
rat
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 65 mg/kg N/R BCTKAG 13,371,1980
oral
rat
lowest published lethal dose: 192 mg/kg N/R FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral
rabbit
lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kg Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Eye: Mydriasis (pupilliary dilation)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation
JPETAB 21,65,1923
parenteral
frog
lowest published lethal dose: 23 gm/kg N/R JPETAB 21,65,1923
subcutaneous
dog
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 214 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous
guinea pig
lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous
mouse
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 119 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous
rat
lethal dose (50 percent kill): 148 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold 34ZIAG -,279,1969
subcutaneous
rabbit
lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg N/R HYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
skin
rabbit
lowest published lethal dose: 620 mg/kg N/R FCTXAV 16,759,1978


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM
DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m3/5 hour/12 week- intermittent Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathomimetic

Endocrine: Other changes
BCTKAG 11,403,1978
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 10,140 µg/m3/24 hour/60 day- continuous Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m3/4 hour/4 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli AEHLAU 7,574,1963
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m3/6 hour/28 day- intermittent Olfaction: Other olfaction effects FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m3/6 hour/28 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight
FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m3/6 hour/28 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m3/3 hour/28 day- intermittent Liver: Changes in liver weight FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 320 mg/m3/3 hour/28 day- intermittent Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation
rat
lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m3/3 hour/28 day- intermittent Olfaction: Other olfaction effects FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 4,800 mg/kg/16 day- intermittent Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral
mouse
lowest published toxic dose: 4,875 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent Liver: Changes in liver weight NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 4,190 mL/kg/17 week- continuous Liver: Hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post- necrotic scarring)

Liver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight
APJAAG 36,1027,1986
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 91 mg/kg/14 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
BCTKAG 15,241,1982
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 3,672 mg/kg/28 day- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 768 mg/kg/4 day- intermittent Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 1,632 mg/kg/10 day- intermittent Behavioral: Sleep

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes
FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 2,688 mg/kg/28 day- intermittent Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
subcutaneous
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
AEHLAU 7,574,1963
subcutaneous
rat
lowest published toxic dose: 33 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Luekopenia
AEHLAU 7,574,1963


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 2 ppm (skin) DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 63,409,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 63,409,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 564,179,2004


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES: Cancelled RBREV* -,184,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin) DTLVS* 3,120,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA MAK 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VLE 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY Skin, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - JAPAN Occupational Exposure Limit 2.5 ppm (9.8 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 8 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 10 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 40 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA time-weighted average 2.5 ppm, short term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN NGV 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), KTV 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 5 ppm, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE

National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 34120;
Number of Industries 11;
Total Number of Facilities 333;
Number of Occupations 30;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 5,904
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 34120;
Number of Industries 79;
Total Number of Facilities 6,447;
Number of Occupations 66;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 135,914;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 6,706


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE

EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used for lube oil refining and BUTADIENE extraction
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
On EPA IRIS database
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Aldehydes, screening, 2539
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Furfural, 2529
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);clear evidence:mouse
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);some evidence:rat NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);equivocal evidence:rat
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-72


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE

34ZIAG "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969
85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986
AEHLAU Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960-
AIHAAP American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. (AIHA, 475 Wolf Ledges Pkwy., Akron, OH 44311) V.19- 1958-
APJAAG Acta Pathologica Japonica. (Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd., POB 5030, Tokyo International, Tokyo 101-31, Japan) V.1- 1951-
BCTKAG Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. (Ars Polona, POB 1001, 00-068 Warsaw 1, Poland) V.4- 1971-
BIJOAK Biochemical Journal. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) V.1- 1906-
CALEDQ Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)
CRNGDP Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980-
DFSCDX Developments in Food Science. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1978-
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996
EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987-
ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG.
FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982-
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7.
FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936-
GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
HYSAAV Hygiene and Sanitation (USSR). English translation of GISAAA. (Springfield, VA) 1964-71. Discontinued.
IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972-
JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
NTPTR* National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206-
RBREV* Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
WDZAEK Weisheng Dulixue Zazhi. Journal of Health Toxicology. (Weisheng Dulixue Zazhi Bianjibu, Dongdaqiao, Chaoyang Menwai, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1987

Used for lube oil refining and BUTADIENE extraction

NIOSH PROFILE (ALDEHYDES), SRC, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (ALDEHYDES), SRI, 2/77

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

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