The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
Ethylene, 1,1 - dichloro - |
UPDATE: November 2004 | MW: 96.94 | MF: C2H2Cl2 |
SYNONYMS: | |
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SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
SYSTEM TEST |
ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE | DOSE | REFERENCE |
cytogenetic analysis | hamster lung | 250 mg/L | MUREAV 187,157,1987 |
DNA damage |
inhalation mouse | 50 ppm | TXAPA9 53,357,1980 |
DNA damage |
inhalation rat | 10 ppm | TXAPA9 53,357,1980 |
DNA damage | Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 75 mmol/L | MUREAV 206,209,1988 |
unscheduled DNA synthesis |
inhalation mouse | 50 ppm | TXAPA9 53,357,1980 |
unscheduled DNA synthesis |
oral mouse | 200 mg/kg | TXCYAC 36,199,1985 |
host-mediated assay |
mouse
Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 400 mg/kg | MUREAV 89,179,1981 |
mutation in microorganisms | Escherichia coli | 2,500 痠ol/L (+enzymatic activation step) | BCPCA6 24,2013,1975 |
mutation in microorganisms | Salmonella typhimurium | 5 pph (+enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 57,141,1978 |
mutation in microorganisms | Salmonella typhimurium | 3 pph/2 hour (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 58,183,1978 |
mutation in microorganisms | Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 30 mmol/L (+enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 89,179,1981 |
gene conversion and mitotic recombination | Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 30 mmol/L | MUREAV 89,179,1981 |
sister chromatid exchange | hamster lung | 75 mg/L | MUREAV 187,157,1987 |
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | Aspergillus nidulans | 500 ppm | MUREAV 266,117,1992 |
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 50 mmol/L | MUREAV 206,209,1988 |
specific locus test | mouse lymphocyte | 160 ppm/48 hour- continuous | EMMUEG 17,122,1991 |
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 80 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | TXAPA9 49,189,1979 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6 hour (55 day prior to copulation) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) | JTEHD6 3,965,1977 |
inhalation rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 160 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) | TXAPA9 49,189,1979 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg (6-15 day pregnant) |
Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TXAPA9 49,189,1979 |
TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/4 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Blood: Leukemia | MELAAD 68,241,1977 |
inhalation mouse | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 55 ppm/6 hour/13 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Liver: Tumors | JTEHD6 7,909,1981 |
inhalation mouse | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 55 ppm/6 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors | EVHPAZ 21,25,1977 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 220 mg/m3/40 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Angiosarcoma | VCVGH* -,432,1990 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease | JTEHD6 4,15,1978 |
inhalation rat | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 150 ppm/4 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia Skin and Appendages: Tumors | MELAAD 68,241,1977 |
inhalation rat | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 55 ppm/6 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Tumors | EVHPAZ 21,25,1977 |
inhalation rat | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 150 ppm/4 hour/52 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Liver: Tumors | EVHPAZ 21,45,1977 |
inhalation rat | toxic concentration (other than lowest) : 55 ppm/6 hour/28 week- intermittent |
Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors | JTEHD6 7,909,1981 |
skin mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 4,840 mg/kg |
Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors | JJIND8 63,1433,1979 |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation cat | lowest published lethal concentration: 8,000 mg/m3 | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm |
Behavioral: General anesthetic Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | CHINAG (11),463,1976 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published lethal concentration: 2,000 mg/m3/2 hour | N/R | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 mg/m3 | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
inhalation rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 6,350 ppm/4 hour | Behavioral: Coma | TXAPA9 18,168,1971 |
inhalation rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10,000 mg/m3 | N/R | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
inhalation rat | lowest published lethal concentration: 1,300 mg/m3/4 hour | N/R | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
intraperitoneal mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | JPETAB 297,1193,2001 |
intravenous dog | lowest published lethal dose: 225 mg/kg | N/R | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 |
oral dog | lowest published lethal dose: 5,750 mg/kg | N/R | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 |
oral mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 194 mg/kg | N/R | BJCAAI 37,411,1978 |
oral rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 200 mg/kg | N/R | NTIS** PB85-143766 |
subcutaneous rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 3,700 mg/kg | N/R | QJPPAL 7,205,1934 |
skin rabbit | lethal dose : >2,426 mg/kg | N/R | NTIS** AD-A180-198 |
unreported route mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 125 mg/kg |
Liver: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Increased immune response | TOXID9 72,194,2003 |
unreported route rat | lowest published lethal dose: 400 mg/kg | N/R | VCVGH* -,430,1990 |
OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation dog | lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m3/90 day- continuous |
Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TXAPA9 10,270,1967 |
inhalation guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m3/90 day- continuous |
Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 10,270,1967 |
inhalation monkey | lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m3/90 day- continuous |
Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 10,270,1967 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m3/90 day- continuous |
Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | TXAPA9 10,270,1967 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 143 mg/m3/6 hour/1 year- intermittent |
Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Rigidity (includes catalepsy) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | VCVGH* -,432,1990 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 158 mg/m3/6 hour/5 week- intermittent | Liver: Other changes | VCVGH* -,432,1990 |
inhalation rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 101 mg/m3/90 day- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | TXAPA9 10,270,1967 |
inhalation rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m3/3 hour/16 week- intermittent |
Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Changes in spleen | VCVGH* -,433,1990 |
oral mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/14 day- intermittent |
Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982 |
oral mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 6,500 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent |
Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Liver: Other changes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1,300 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent |
Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion) | JJATDK 3,90,1983 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/14 day- intermittent |
Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Blood: Hemorrhage Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982 |
REVIEWS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value | time-weighted average 5 ppm | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003 |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value | Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003 |
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review | Animal Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 39,195,1986 |
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review | Animal Limited Evidence | IMEMDT 71,1163,1999 |
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review | Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 39,195,1986 |
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review | Human Inadequate Evidence | IMEMDT 71,1163,1999 |
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review | Group 3 | IMEMDT 71,1163,1999 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| MUREAV 539,77,2003 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| TOLED5 127,111,2002 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| NTIS** ORNL/TIRC-77/3 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| VHTODE 22,31,1980 |
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 20 ppm, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA | MAK 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Suspected Carcinogen, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM | time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (79 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK | time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND | time-weighted average 10 ppm (40 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (80 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE | VME 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY | MAK 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 20 mg/m3, 2003 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 50 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 80 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA | short term exposure limit 50 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN | NGV 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), KTV 10 ppm (40 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND | MAK- week 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), KZG- week 4 ppm (16 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 10 ppm (40 mg/m3), SEP2000 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value; Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen |
NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD or SURVEY |
REFERENCE |
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-air | Carcinogen lowest feasible conc. | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 83011; Number of Industries 22; Total Number of Facilities 879; Number of Occupations 23; Total Number of Employees Exposed 10,947 | |
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 |
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 83011![]() Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 97; Number of Occupations 13; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2,679; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 291 |
STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES: | |
ORGANIZATION |
REFERENCE |
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/95/100152/AS) | |
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test | |
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/limited: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat | |
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Rodent dominant lethal | |
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
Used in the production of copolymers of high VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE content | |
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies | |
On EPA IRIS database | |
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001 | |
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 28, 1978 | |
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Vinylidene chloride, 1015 | |
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);no evidence:mouse,rat | |
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #19 |
REFERENCES: | |
CODEN |
REFERENCE |
BCPCA6 | Biochemical Pharmacology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1958- |
BJCAAI | British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- |
CHINAG | Chemistry and Industry (London). (Royal Soc. of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Rd., Letchworth, Herts SG6 1HN, UK) V.1- 1923- |
DTLVS* | The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 |
EMMUEG | Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- |
EVHPAZ | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- |
IMEMDT | IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- |
JJATDK | JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 1UD, UK) V.1- 1981- |
JJIND8 | JNCI, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. (Washington, DC) V.61-79, 1978-87. For publisher information, see JNCIEQ. |
JPETAB | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- |
JTEHD6 | Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76- |
MELAAD | Medicina del Lavoro. Industrial Medicine. (Via S. Barnaba, 8, 20122 Milan, Italy) V.16- 1925- |
MUREAV | Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- |
NIOSH* | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. |
NTIS** | National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. |
NTPTR* | National Toxicology Program Technical Report Series. (Research Triangle Park, NC 27709) No.206- |
QJPPAL | Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. (London, UK) V.2-21, 1929-48. For publisher information, see JPPMAB. |
TOLED5 | Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- |
TOXID9 | Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981- |
TXAPA9 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- |
TXCYAC | Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- |
VCVGH* | "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva, galogenproisvodnie uglevodorodov". (Hazardous substances: Galogenated hydrocarbons) Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1990. |
VHTODE | Veterinary and Human Toxicology. (American College of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology, Publication Office, Comparative Toxicology, Manhattan, KS 66506) V.19- 1977- |