The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Ethyl alcohol

RTECS #: KQ6300000

CAS #: 64-17-5

UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 46.08 MF: C2H6O


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:
  3. MUTATION DATA:
  4. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  5. TUMORIGENIC DATA:
  6. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  7. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  8. REVIEWS:
  9. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  10. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  11. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  12. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Absolute ethanol
  2. Aethanol (German)
  3. Aethylalkohol (German)
  4. Alcohol
  5. Alcohol dehydrated
  6. Alcohol, anhydrous
  7. Alcool ethylique (French)
  8. Alcool etilico (Italian)
  9. Algrain
  10. Alkohol (German)
  11. Alkoholu etylowego (Polish)
  12. Anhydrol
  13. Cologne Spirit
  14. Etanolo (Italian)
  15. Ethanol
  16. Ethanol (ACGIH:OSHA)
  17. Ethyl alcohol (DOT:OSHA)
  1. Ethyl alcohol anhydrous
  2. Ethyl hydrate
  3. Ethyl hydroxide
  4. Etylowy alkohol (Polish)
  5. Fermentation alcohol
  6. Grain alcohol
  7. Jaysol
  8. Jaysol S
  9. Methylcarbinol
  10. Molasses alcohol
  11. NCI - C03134
  12. Potato alcohol
  13. SD alcohol 23 - hydrogen
  14. Spirits of wine
  15. Spirt
  16. Tecsol


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
eye
rabbit 		500 mg severe AJOPAA 29,1363,1946
eye
rabbit 		500 mg/24 hour mild 85JCAE -,189,1986
eye
rabbit 		100 mg/4S rinse moderate FCTOD7 20,573,1982
skin
rabbit 		400 mg open irritation test mild UCDS** 7/22/1970
skin
rabbit 		20 mg/24 hour moderate 85JCAE -,189,1986


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis parenteral
grasshopper 		500 mmol/L NATWAY 51,646,1964
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 100 ppm ENMUDM 8(Suppl 6),72,1986
cytogenetic analysis hamster embryo 1 pph MUTAEX 3,207,1988
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 160 mmol/L BIZNAT 106,169,1987
cytogenetic analysis human lymphocyte 1,160 gm/L AEMBAP 85A,25,1977
cytogenetic analysis human fibroblast 12,000 ppm ACYTAN 16,41,1972
cytogenetic analysis human leukocyte 1 pph/72 hour- continuous TSITAQ 20,421,1978
cytogenetic analysis human lymphocyte 2.5 pph/24 hour MUREAV 537,117,2003
cytogenetic analysis oral
human 		49,014 gm/kg/25 year MUREAV 560,187,2004
cytogenetic analysis oral
mouse 		40 gm/kg NATUAS 302,258,1983
cytogenetic analysis intramuscular
other fish 		1 pph MUREAV 542,1,2003
cytogenetic analysis oral
rat 		2 gm/kg TGANAK 14(5),48,1980
dominant lethal test oral
mouse 		3,720 mg/kg/3 day AEMBAP 85A,25,1977
DNA adduct oral
rat 		5 gm/kg MUREAV 479,81,2001
DNA adduct oral
rat 		3 gm/kg/7 day MUREAV 479,81,2001
DNA damage oral
rat 		4 gm/kg MUREAV 345,191,1995
DNA damage Saccharomyes cerevisiae 850 mmol/L MUREAV 326,165,1995
DNA inhibition human lymphocyte 220 mmol/L PNASA6 79,1171,1982
DNA repair Escherichia coli 5 mg/well MUREAV 133,161,1984
mutation in microorganisms Aspergillus nidulans 20 pph (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 48,51,1977
mutation in microorganisms Escherichia coli 140 gm/L (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 130,97,1984
mutation in microorganisms Salmonella typhimurium 11 pph (+enzymatic activation step) ENVRAL 52,225,1990
mutation in microorganisms Saccharomyes cerevisiae 24 pph (-enzymatic activation step) GNKAA5 15,927,1979
micronucleus test dog lymphocyte 400 µmol/L NTIS** AD-A075-605
micronucleus test intraperitoneal
mouse 		1,240 mg/kg/2 day AEMBAP 85A,25,1977
micronucleus test intramuscular
other fish 		1 pph MUREAV 542,1,2003
gene conversion and mitotic recombination Aspergillus nidulans 5 pph MUREAV 48,51,1977
other mutation test systems intraperitoneal
rat 		250 gm/kg/16 day- continuous CYTBAI 56,195,1988
other mutation test systems oral
rat 		3 gm/kg APTOA6 49,125,1981
sister chromatid exchange hamster ovary 3,900 mg/L MUREAV 124,85,1983
sister chromatid exchange human lymphocyte 500 ppm/72 hour- continuous CGCGBR 27,66,1980
sister chromatid exchange oral
mouse 		420 mg/kg/3 week MUREAV 68,291,1979
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction Aspergillus nidulans 30 gm/L EVHPAZ 31,81,1979
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction oral
Drosophila melanogaster 		10 pph MUREAV 268,95,1992
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction oral
mouse 		5 gm/kg CGCGBR 44,7,1987
sperm morphology oral
mouse 		1,500 mg/kg/50 day MUREAV 65,229,1979


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intracerebral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg (1 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility JRPFA4 42,199,1975
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 20,000 ppm/7 hour (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities TJADAB 29(2),48A,1984
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,800 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		TJADAB 27,231,1983
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,800 mg/kg (7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) 		TJADAB 27,231,1983
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,622 µg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		AJOGAH 124,676,1976
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) ANREAK 193,515,1979
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,300 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) NETOD7 2,227,1980
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.9 gm/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) TOXID9 72,171,2003
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg (6-8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		REPTED 17,475,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 gm/kg (8-13 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		TJADAB 36,31A,1987
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,240 mg/kg (9-12 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) DABBBA 38,5835,1978
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg (8-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) TJADAB 26(1),12A,1982
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg (8-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) 		IJEBA6 21,108,1983
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg (8-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		IJEBA6 21,108,1983
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,600 mg/kg (7-8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral NELED5 289,13,2000
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 11.25 mg/kg (7-9 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		REPTED 17,475,2003
intratesticular
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg (1 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct FESTAS 24,884,1973
intratesticular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg (1 day male) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) FESTAS 24,884,1973
intrauterine
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,400 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) IJEBA6 14,316,1976
intrauterine
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg (5 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) INJFA3 14,280,1969
intravenous
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 94 gm/kg (14-21 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) PBBHAU 12,329,1980
intravenous
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 40 gm/kg (14-17 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		NTOTDY 3,105,1981
intravenous
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg (18 week pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system AJOGAH 151,859,1985
intravenous
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 29,000 mg/kg (106-134 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		NETEEC 22,205,2000
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 gm/kg (6-7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		RECYAR 8,105,1971
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 gm/kg (6-7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) RECYAR 8,105,1971
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 gm/kg (6-7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		RECYAR 8,105,1971
intravenous
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg (15-29 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus 		JPDSA3 29,1030,1994
intravenous
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 8 gm/kg (32 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Apgar score (human only)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects 		AJDCAI 134,419,1980
multiple
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 642 gm/kg (1-21 day pregnant/23 day after birth) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		DEPBA5 10,435,1977
multiple
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 373 gm/kg (23 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		DEPBA5 10,435,1977
oral
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 21,600 mg/kg (1-60 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		FEPRA7 36,285,1977
oral
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 260 gm/kg (1-62 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) ACRSDM 4,123,1980
oral
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 221 gm/kg (1-47 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion ACRSDM 4,123,1980
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 90 gm/kg (1-68 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		ANREAK 127,438,1957
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 240 gm/kg (2-61 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system 		DBRRDB 106,39,1998
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 264 gm/kg (2-67 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		ACRSDM 23,1816,1999
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 72 gm/kg (45-62 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) FAJOEC 14,A1447,2000
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 76,000 mg/kg (43-62 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus 		NETEEC 23,355,2001
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 264,000 mg/kg (2-67 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		NETEEC 22,183,2000
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 264 gm/kg (2-67 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		NETEEC 25,59,2003
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 272 gm/kg (2-67 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		NETEEC 26,59,2004
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 57 gm/kg (43-62 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) NETEEC 26,543,2004
oral
mammal (species unspecified) 		lowest published toxic dose: 31,500 mg/kg (15-35 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) TJADAB 30,203,1984
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 78 gm/kg (4-23 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion TJADAB 35,345,1987
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg (2-21 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) TJADAB 29,49,1984
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 206 gm/kg (90 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders SCIEAS 221,677,1983
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 32,400 mg/kg (2-19 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) 		TJADAB 44,29,1991
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 43,200 mg/kg (1-24 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) TJADAB 44,29,1991
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 162 gm/kg (11-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) TJADAB 27,56A,1983
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 21 gm/kg (1-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		JSALDP 38,1696,1977
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,800 mg/kg (7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear 		TJADAB 27,231,1983
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 75,600 mg/kg (5-11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		RCOCB8 23,127,1979
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,500 mg/kg (9 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) TJADAB 24(1),53A,1981
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,680 gm/kg (70 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) FEPRA7 39,542,1980
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 20 gm/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		NTIS** #PB85118651
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 20 gm/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) NTIS** #PB85118651
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 20 gm/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system NTIS** #PB85118651
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 700 gm/kg (7 day male/7 day prior to copulation/21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) NTIS** #PB85118651
oral
pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,648 gm/kg (78 week prior to copulation/1-16 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		NTOTDY 5,229,1983
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 78 gm/kg (7-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic PBBHAU 59,577,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 gm/kg (13 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) CYGEDX 15(2),23,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 322 gm/kg (35 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct 		INJFA3 23,176,1978
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 12 gm/kg (9-12 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) PLPSAX 7,311,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 132 gm/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		TJADAB 23,217,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 24 gm/kg (14-16 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		TJADAB 23,41A,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 354 gm/kg (10 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic RCPBDC 2,119,1977
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 gm/kg (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system 		JTEHD6 10,267,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 35,295 mg/kg (1-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) 		ONGZAC 22(1),71,1991
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 44 gm/kg (7-17 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system 		ESKHA5 (103),10,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 191,220 mg/kg (2-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		NETEEC 23,453,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 gm/kg (1-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects 		TJADAB 163,15,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 22.5 gm/kg (11-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		NETEEC 24,719,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 40 gm/kg (1-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system 		FATOAO 45,68,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 42 gm/kg (1-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities FATOAO 45,66,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 240 gm/kg (30 day male) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system FATOAO 47,82,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 65 gm/kg (7-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system ENDOAO 138,389,1997
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 75 gm/kg (7-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system ENDOAO 138,389,1997
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 112 mg/kg (14 day male) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic FATOAO 48,86,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 147 mg/kg (1-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		FATOAO 47,84,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 60,000 mg/kg (1-30 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		FATOAO 48,93,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 900 mL/kg (19 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		NETEEC 24,275,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 110 gm/kg (1-23 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		EKFAE9 59,44,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 135 gm/kg (1 day pregnant-7 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		EKFAE9 59,44,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 210 gm/kg (6-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TOXID9 72(Suppl 1),341,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 90 mg/kg (30 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Other effects on male

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) 		LIFSAK 71,3059,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 45 gm/kg (15-22 day pregnant/7 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral NEROEW 24,691,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 gm/kg (16-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects NETEEC 25,447,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 120 gm/kg (1-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects NETEEC 25,447,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 45 gm/kg (15-22 day pregnant/7 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		NEROEW 26,191,2002
oral
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,945 mg/kg (1 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) JOENAK 34,275,1966
oral
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,750 mg/kg (1 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility IJMRAQ 58,501,1970
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 41 gm/kg (41 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Apgar score (human only)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other neonatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Drug dependence 		AJDCAI 129,1075,1975
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg (37 week pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus AJOGAH 145,251,1983
unreported route
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 60 gm/kg (9-14 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death 		FATOAO 45(1),83,1982


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 320 mg/kg/50 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease 		CALEDQ 13,345,1981
oral
mouse 		toxic dose : 400 gm/kg/57 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Gastrointestinal: Tumors 		ZIETA2 59,203,1928
rectal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 120 gm/kg/18 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Gastrointestinal: Tumors

Liver: Tumors 		ZIETA2 59,203,1928


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intraarterial
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 11 mg/kg Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea 		TXAPA9 18,60,1971
inhalation
guinea pig 		lowest published lethal concentration: 21,900 ppm N/R FAONAU 48A,99,1970
inhalation
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic concentration: 12,000 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: General anesthetic VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
human 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,500 mg/m3/20 minute Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from afferent nerve VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
mouse 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 39 gm/m3/4 hour N/R GTPZAB 26(8),53,1982
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published lethal concentration: 117,000 mg/m3/2 hour N/R VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 50,000 mg/m3/2 hour Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,500 mg/m3/40 minute Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
rat 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 20,000 ppm/10 hour N/R NPIRI* 1,44,1974
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 12,000 mg/m3/8 hour Behavioral: General anesthetic VCVGK* -,93,1984
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 2,500 mg/m3/40 minute Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes VCVGK* -,93,1984
intramuscular
non-mammalian species 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 gm/kg Cardiac: Other changes

Musculoskeletal: Other changes 		MUREAV 542,1,2003
intraperitoneal
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 3 gm/kg N/R BJIMAG 1,207,1944
intraperitoneal
guinea pig 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3,414 mg/kg N/R EVHPAZ 61,321,1985
intraperitoneal
hamster 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5,068 mg/kg N/R EVHPAZ 61,321,1985
intraperitoneal
mammal (species unspecified) 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4,300 mg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) 		TXAPA9 13,358,1968
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 528 mg/kg N/R STRAAA 127,245,1965
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.2 gm/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease JPETAB 293,188,2000
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1.75 gm/kg Behavioral: Ataxia PSCHDL 153,415,2001
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) NNAPBA 367,414,2003
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.25 gm/kg Behavioral: Sleep PSCHDL 174,283,2004
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests PSCHDL 174,291,2004
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS TOLED5 145,69,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3,600 µg/kg N/R PHMGBN 2,27,1969
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.45 gm/kg Behavioral: Altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) JPETAB 299,698,2001
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,000 mg/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease FATOAO 47,21,1984
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,500 mg/kg Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases FATOAO 51,92,1988
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,000 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		EKFAE9 59,38,1996
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests EJPHAZ 462,115,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.4 mg/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) PSCHDL 160,39,2002
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,000 mg/kg Behavioral: Sleep TOSCF2 73,270,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2 gm/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Differential effect of sex or castration on observed toxicity

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other 		EJPHAZ 484,241,2004
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 gm/kg Behavioral: Analgesia LIFSAK 73,3351,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg Taste: Change in function PSCHDL 167,130,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.4 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites 		PSCHDL 169,60,2003
intraperitoneal
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 963 mg/kg N/R EVHPAZ 61,321,1985
intravenous
cat 		lowest published lethal dose: 3,945 mg/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,130,1955
intravenous
chicken 		lowest published lethal dose: 8,216 mg/kg Vascular: Other changes JPETAB 60,312,1937
intravenous
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 1,600 mg/kg Behavioral: Ataxia

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea

Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea 		TXAPA9 18,60,1971
intravenous
human 		lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 gm/kg/6 hour Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other CLPTAT 67,591,2000
intravenous
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1,973 mg/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,128,1955
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 gm/kg Behavioral: Sleep JPETAB 302,257,2002
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 gm/kg Behavioral: Sleep

Behavioral: Tolerance 		JPETAB 302,257,2002
intravenous
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1,440 mg/kg Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea TXAPA9 18,60,1971
intravenous
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,374 mg/kg N/R EVHPAZ 61,321,1985
oral
cat 		lowest published lethal dose: 6 gm/kg Gastrointestinal: Gastritis

Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Interstitial nephritis 		JPETAB 56,117,1936
oral
child 		lowest published lethal dose: 2 gm/kg Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Blood: Other changes 		ATXKA8 17,183,1958
oral
child 		lowest published toxic dose: 14,400 mg/kg/30 minute- intermittent Behavioral: Coma

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting 		APSVAM 74,977,1985
oral
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 5,500 mg/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,130,1955
oral
guinea pig 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5,560 mg/kg N/R JIHTAB 23,259,1941
oral
human 		lowest published lethal dose: 1,400 mg/kg Behavioral: Sleep

Behavioral: Headache

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting 		NPIRI* 1,44,1974
oral
human 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests PSCHDL 163,399,2002
oral
human 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests 		NEROEW 28,371,2003
oral
infant 		lowest published toxic dose: 11,712 µL/kg Behavioral: General anesthetic

Cardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea 		JOUOD4 9,53,1987
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 22,500 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Endocrine: Other changes

Blood: Other changes 		CLECAP 25,143,1986
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,371 µL/kg Behavioral: Altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)

Behavioral: Excitement

Behavioral: Coma 		VHTODE 21,272,1979
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests NTOTDY 8,77,1986
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg Gastrointestinal: Alteration in gastric secretion

Gastrointestinal: Other changes 		JPETAB 56,117,1936
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,430 µg/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Ataxia

Behavioral: Antipsychotic 		JPETAB 197,488,1976
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.8 gm/kg Behavioral: Euphoria

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests 		JPETAB 300,236,2002
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Endocrine: Other changes 		NEROEW 25,537,2001
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.8 mg/kg Behavioral: Abuse JPETAB 301,993,2002
oral
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3,450 mg/kg N/R GISAAA 32(3),31,1967
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Vascular: Other changes

Liver: Other changes 		JPETAB 298,737,2001
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg Blood: Other changes TOXID9 72,99,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg Liver: Changes in liver weight TOXID9 72,98,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Aggression 		PSCHDL 157,131,2001
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg Liver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) 		TOXID9 72,202,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 gm/kg Endocrine: Other changes

Blood: Changes in spleen

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response 		TOXID9 72,172,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response TOXID9 72,173,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg Behavioral: Aggression PSCHDL 153,473,2001
oral
pigeon 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests JPETAB 293,551,2000
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 7,060 mg/kg Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes TXAPA9 16,718,1970
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6.4 gm/kg Gastrointestinal: Alteration in gastric secretion

Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach 		LIFSAK 70,17,2001
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 9,000 mg/kg N/R VCVGK* -,93,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,500 mg/kg Behavioral: Ataxia VCVGK* -,93,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 gm/kg Gastrointestinal: Other changes AEPPAE 365,17,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8,000 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Cardiac: Cardiomyopathy including infarction

Liver: Multiple effects 		FATOAO 50,52,1987
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 gm/kg Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		FATOAO 44,319,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) FATOAO 44,319,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6,000 mg/kg Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function FATOAO 55,18,1992
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,800 mg/kg Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach FATOAO 51,82,1988
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6.67 mL/kg Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach CYLPDN 22,488,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 10 mL/kg Gastrointestinal: Gastritis JPETAB 303,1301,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 mL/kg Gastrointestinal: Alteration in gastric secretion

Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach 		FCLPH* 16,311,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5.25 gm/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases 		TOXID9 72,128,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,600 mg/kg Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		FCTOD7 41,1551,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 gm/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes TOLED5 133,255,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning PSCHDL 175,189,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,250 mg/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain NETEEC 26,451,2004
oral
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 6,300 mg/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,130,1955
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,200 mg/kg/3 hour Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes

Blood: Other changes 		ACRSDM 7,289,1983
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 256 gm/kg/12 week Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions

Endocrine: Effect on menstrual cycle 		JAMAAP 238,2143,1977
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.7 gm/kg Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests JOPSEQ 16,379,2002
parenteral
frog 		lowest published lethal dose: 36 gm/kg Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) 		AIPTAK 50,296,1935
subcutaneous
chicken 		lowest published lethal dose: 5 gm/kg N/R FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 6 gm/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,130,1955
subcutaneous
frog 		lowest published lethal dose: 7,100 mg/kg N/R HBTXAC 1,128,1955
subcutaneous
infant 		lowest published lethal dose: 19,440 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Coma

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease 		AJCPAI 5,466,1935
subcutaneous
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 8,285 mg/kg N/R FAONAU 48A,99,1970
subcutaneous
pigeon 		lowest published lethal dose: 5 gm/kg N/R FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 20 gm/kg N/R YAKUD5 22,651,1980
skin
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 20 gm/kg N/R 31ZTAS -,72,1968


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
mouse 		lowest published toxic concentration: 8,000 mg/m3/4 hour/17 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response 		VCVGK* -,93,1994
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 8,000 mg/m3/4 hour/17 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response 		VCVGK* -,93,1994
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 8,000 mg/m3/4 hour/17 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response 		VCVGK* -,93,1994
intramuscular
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 42 gm/kg/14 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases

Liver: Other changes 		FATOAO 46,103,1983
intramuscular
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 63 gm/kg/21 day- intermittent Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Liver: Liver function tests impaired 		FATOAO 46,103,1983
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 420 gm/kg/6 week- intermittent Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation 		JPETAB 299,832,2001
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 12 mg/kg/3 day- intermittent Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning BJPCBM 138,9,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.8 mg/kg/4 day- intermittent Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) PSCHDL 160,48,2002
oral
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 560 mL/kg/10 week- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Cardiac: Other changes

Liver: Other changes 		PSEBAA 128,1021,1968
oral
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,623 gm/kg/12 year- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes DADEDV 65,159,2002
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 210 gm/kg/5 week- intermittent Liver: Fatty liver degeneration JTSCDR 8,243,1983
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 260 gm/kg/2 year- intermittent Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Behavioral: Aggression 		PSCHDL 165,1,2002
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,500 gm/kg/10 week- continuous Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) JPETAB 225,479,1983
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,100 gm/kg/5 week- continuous Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) JPETAB 225,479,1983
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,750 gm/kg/5 week- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) JPETAB 225,479,1983
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 448 gm/kg/4 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake NTIS** #PB85118651
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 24,000 mL/kg/120 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition TOXID9 72,195,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 36,000 mL/kg/180 day- continuous Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		TOXID9 72,195,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 36,000 mL/kg/180 day- continuous Liver: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Fe

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		TOXID9 72,195,2003
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,120 gm/kg/4 week- intermittent Blood: Changes in spleen

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation 		TOSCF2 73,72,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,825 gm/kg/1 year- continuous Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		DDSCDJ 25,587,1980
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 19 gm/kg/21 day- continuous Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) TOLED5 12,265,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 280 gm/kg/5 week- intermittent Cardiac: Changes in heart weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight 		JTSCDR 8,243,1983
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 851 gm/kg/10 week- continuous Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases 		APTOA6 38,260,1976
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 7 mL/kg/7 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Effect on specific coenzyme: B vitamins including folate 		JDGRAX 10(1-2),25,1978
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6,300 mg/kg/9 week- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases 		GISAAA 64(1),46,1999
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 45 gm/kg/30 day- intermittent Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests GISAAA -,64,1993
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 62.5 gm/kg/5 day- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Effect on menstrual cycle

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins 		BIREBV 37,1089,1987
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 62.5 gm/kg/6 day- continuous Endocrine: Effect on menstrual cycle BIREBV 37,1089,1987
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 65 gm/kg/13 day- continuous Endocrine: Other changes ENDOAO 138,389,1997
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 900 mL/kg/62 day- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		NETEEC 24,275,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 240,000 mg/kg/30 day- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) FATOAO 47,82,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 35,000 mg/kg/7 day- intermittent Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain EKFAE9 59,44,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 115,000 mg/kg/23 day- intermittent Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning EKFAE9 59,44,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 67.5 mg/kg/15 day- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Xanthine, purine or nucleotides including urate

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		JPETAB 296,857,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 93.8 mL/kg/2 week- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		JJATDK 22,207,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 882 gm/kg/75 day- intermittent Musculoskeletal: Other changes JPETAB 301,1132,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 72 gm/kg/7 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases 		TOXID9 72,315,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 908 mg/kg/4 week- continuous Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects 		JAPTO* 22,207,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,372 gm/kg/20 week- continuous Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Vascular: Regional or general arteriolar constriction

Vascular: Other changes 		CEXPB9 29,707,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg/4 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		TOXID9 72,127,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,660 gm/kg/56 week- intermittent Cardiac: Change in resting or action potential

Endocrine: Differential effect of sex or castration on observed toxicity

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		TXAPA9 189,196,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 240 gm/kg/60 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases 		TOXIA6 42,367,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 12 gm/kg/20 day- continuous Behavioral: Tolerance

Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning 		EJPHAZ 477,129,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 210 gm/kg/10 week- continuous Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		FCTOD7 41,1551,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,500 gm/kg/24 week- intermittent Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Cardiac: Change in force of contraction

Endocrine: Differential effect of sex or castration on observed toxicity 		TXAPA9 179,111,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 84 gm/kg/4 week- intermittent Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Endocrine: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Other changes 		BJMRDK 36,125,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 14 gm/kg/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes BJMRDK 36,503,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 28 gm/kg/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum 		BJMRDK 36,503,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 875 mg/kg/10 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on Na-K pump 		LIFSAK 71,2881,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 41.6 gm/kg/4 day- continuous Behavioral: Analgesia LIFSAK 73,3351,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 130 gm/kg/10 day- continuous Behavioral: Tolerance

Behavioral: Withdrawal 		LIFSAK 73,3351,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 36,000 mg/kg/6 day- continuous Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning 		NETEEC 26,35,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8 gm/kg/10 day- intermittent Behavioral: Abuse PSCHDL 168,208,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 300 gm/kg/12 week- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases 		FCTOD7 42,429,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 27,000 mg/kg/6 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes NETEEC 26,353,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 31,500 mg/kg/6 day- intermittent Cardiac: Change in rate NETEEC 26,451,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 21,000 mg/kg/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) 		BJPCBM 138,1376,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 gm/kg/15 day- intermittent Endocrine: Androgenic REPTED 17,641,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 gm/kg/15 day- intermittent Endocrine: Estrogenic REPTED 17,641,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 90 gm/kg/15 day- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct REPTED 17,641,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 108 gm/kg/4 week- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Liver: Other changes 		FCTOD7 42,2045,2004


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 1000 ppm DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 44,35,1988
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
IRXPAT 11,177,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AEMBAP 56,291,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AICMA2 44,874,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MAEPBU 6,81,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FCTXAV 8,433,1970
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CLCHAU 19,361,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
PAREAQ 4,1,1952
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FNSCA6 2,67,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
SCIEAS 209,353,1980
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JAMAAP 235,1458,1976
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NEJMAG 342,186,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JFSCAS 45,7,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,155,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,161,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TJADAB 21,157,1980
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TJADAB 16,53,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,197,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 134,3,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
PSCHDL 174,539,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ARPTDI 44,27,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ARPTDI 44,87,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
REPTED 19,421,2005


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES: RED Completed RBREV* -,290,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) DTLVS* 3,103,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA MAK 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1880 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 1250 ppm (2400 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VME 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), VLE 5000 ppm, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY MAK 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY time-weighted average 1000 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 3000 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 1000 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY time-weighted average 500 ppm (950 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 1000 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 3000 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA short term exposure limit 1000 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN NGV 500 ppm (1000 mg/m3), KTV 1000ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM time-weighted average 1000 ppm (1950 mg/m3), SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO ETHYL ALCOHOL-air 10 hour time-weighted average 1000 ppm NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 31500;
Number of Industries 430;
Total Number of Facilities 157,709;
Number of Occupations 242;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 2,088,926
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 31500;
Number of Industries 334;
Total Number of Facilities 86,077;
Number of Occupations 222;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 2,069,125;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 1,014,002


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Rodent dominant lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Aspergillus-forward mutation; SHE-clonal assay
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat embryo
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro cytogenetics-nonhuman; Mammalian micronucleus
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: N crassa-aneuploidy; Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro SCE-human lymphocytes; In vitro SCE-human
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro SCE-nonhuman; Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative/limited: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used as a topical anti-infective agent, solvent to make beverages
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Ethanol in blood, 8002
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Alcohols I, 1400
NTP Carcinogenesis studies; on test (two year studies), October 2000
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #100


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
31ZTAS "Alcohols: Their Chemistry, Properties and Manufacture," Monick, J.A., New York, Reinhold Book, 1968
85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986
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AEMBAP Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) V.1- 1967-
AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
AICMA2 Archivos del Instituto de Cardiologia de Mexico. (Instituto de Cardiologia de Mexico, Juan Badiano No.1, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico) V.14- 1944-
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AJOGAH American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1920-
AJOPAA American Journal of Ophthalmology. (Ophthalmic Pub. Co., 435 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1415, Chicago, IL 60611) Series 3: V.1- 1918-
ANREAK Anatomical Record. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1906/08-
APSVAM Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. (Almqvist & Wiksell International, POB 4627, S-11691 Stockholm, Sweden) V.54-80 1965-91 For publisher information, see APAEEL
APTOA6 Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. (Copenhagen, Denmark) V.1-59, 1945-86. For publisher information, see PHTOEH
ARPTDI Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. (Annual Reviews, Inc., POB 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303) V.16- 1976-
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BIREBV Biology of Reproduction. (Soc. for the Study of Reproduction, 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820) V.1- 1969-
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BJIMAG British Journal of Industrial Medicine. (British Medical Journal, Box 560B, Kennebunkport, ME 04046) V.1- 1944-
BJMRDK Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. (Associacao Brasileira de Divulgacao Cientifica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 141000 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil) V.14- 1981-
BJPCBM British Journal of Pharmacology. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.34- 1968-
CALEDQ Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
CEXPB9 Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. (Blackwell Scientific Publications, (Australia) Pty Ltd., 107 Barry St., Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia) V.1- 1974-
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)
CGCGBR Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. (S. Karger Pub., Inc., 79 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003) V.12- 1973-
CLCHAU Clinical Chemistry (Winston-Salem, NC). (American Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry, 1725 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1955-
CLECAP Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). (Blackwell Scientific Pub. Ltd., POB 88, Oxford, UK) V.1- 1972-
CLPTAT Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. (American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, St. Louis Mo Mosby-Year Book) V.1- 1960-
CYGEDX Cytology and Genetics (English Translation). Translation of TGANAK. (Allerton Press Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10011) V.8- 1974-
CYLPDN Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. Chinese Journal of Pharmacology. (China International Book Trading Corp., POB 2820, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1980-
CYTBAI Cytobios. (Faculty Press, 88 Regent St., Cambridge, UK) V.1- 1969-
DABBBA Dissertation Abstracts International, B: The Sciences and Engineering. (University Microfilms International, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106) V.30- 1969-
DADEDV Drug and Alcohol Dependence. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
DBRRDB Developmental Brain Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1981-
DDSCDJ Digestive Diseases and Sciences. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) V.24- 1979-
DEPBA5 Developmental Psychobiology. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158) V.1- 1968-
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996
EJPHAZ European Journal of Pharmacology. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1967-
EKFAE9 Eksperimental'naya i Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. (Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, ul. B. Yakimanka, 39, 117049 Moscow, Russia) V.55- 1992-
ENDOAO Endocrinology (Baltimore). (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21203) V.1- 1917-
ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG.
ENVRAL Environmental Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1967-
ESKHA5 Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku. Bulletin of the Institute of Hygienic Sciences. (Kokuritsu Eisei Shikenjo Kagaku, 18-1 Bushitsu Johobu, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158, Japan) V.1- 1886-
EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972-
FAJOEC FASEB Journal. Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814) V.1- 1987-
FAONAU FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. (Rome, Italy) No.?-57, 1948-77. Discontinued.
FATOAO Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow). For English translation, see PHTXA6 and RPTOAN. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.2- 1939-
FCLPH* Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology (Oxford : Blackwell Science) 2001-
FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982-
FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7.
FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931
FEPRA7 Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Bethesda, MD) V.1-46, 1942-87.
FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936-
FESTAS Fertility and Sterility. (American Fertility Soc., 608 13th Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35282) V.1- 1950-
FNSCA6 Forensic Science. (Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1-11, 1972-78. For pub lisher information, see FSINDR.
GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
GNKAA5 Genetika (Moscow). For English translation, see SOGEBZ. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) No.1- 1965-
GTPZAB Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1-36, 1957-1992. For publisher information, see MTPEEI
HBTXAC "Handbook of Toxicology," 4 vols., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1956-59
IJEBA6 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. (Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Rd., New Delhi 110 012, India) V.1- 1963-
IJMRAQ Indian Journal of Medical Research. (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India) V.1- 1913-
IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972-
INJFA3 International Journal of Fertility. (Allen Press, 1041 New Hampshire, St., Lawrence, KS 66044) V.1- 1955-
IRXPAT International Review of Experimental Pathology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1962-
JAMAAP JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1883-
JAPTO* Journal of Applied Toxicology (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oldlands Way Bognor Regis West Sussex, PO22 9SA England) V.1- 1981-
JDGRAX Journal of Drug Research. (National Organization for Drug Research and Control, POB 29, Cairo, Egypt) V.2- 1969-
JFSCAS Journal of Forensic Sciences. (American Soc. for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103) V.1- 1956-
JIHTAB Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Cambridge, MA) V.18-31, 1936-49. For publisher information, see AEHLAU.
JJATDK JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 1UD, UK) V.1- 1981-
JOENAK Journal of Endocrinology. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) V.1- 1939-
JOPSEQ Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford). (Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon St., Oxford OX2 6DP, UK) V.1- 1987-
JOUOD4 Journal of UOEH (University of Occupational and Environmental Health). (Univ. of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807, Japan) V.1- 1979-
JPDSA3 Journal of Pediatric Surgery. (Grune and Stratton, Inc., Journal Subscription Dept., POB 6280, Duluth, MN 55806) V.1- 1966-
JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10-
JRPFA4 Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) V.1- 1960-
JSALDP Journal of Studies on Alcohol. (P.O. Box 969, Piscataway, NJ 08854) V.36- 1975-
JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76-
JTSCDR Journal of Toxicological Sciences. (Japanese Soc. of Toxicological Sciences, 4th Floor, Gakkai Center Bldg., 4-16, Yayoi 2-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan) V.1- 1976-
LIFSAK Life Sciences. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1-8, 1962-69; V.14- 1974-
MAEPBU Methods and Achievements in Experimental Pathology. (S. Karger AG, Postfach, CH-4009, Basel, Switzerland) V.1- 1966-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
MUTAEX Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NATUAS Nature. (Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869-
NATWAY Naturwissenschaften. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Platz 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1913-
NEJMAG New England Journal of Medicine. (Massachusetts Medical Soc., 10 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115) V.198- 1928-
NELED5 Neuroscience Letters. (Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
NEROEW Neuropsychopharmacology. (Elsevier Science, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010) V.1- 1987-
NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987-
NETOD7 Neurobehavioral Toxicology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.1-2, 1979-80. For publisher information, see NTOTDY.
NIOSH* National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NNAPBA Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv fuer Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.264-271, 1969-71. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
NPIRI* Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. (National Assoc. of Printing Ink Research Institute, Francis McDonald Sinclair Memorial Laboratory, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015)
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC.
ONGZAC Ontogenez (Moscow). For English translation, see SJDBA9. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095, Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1970-
PAREAQ Pharmacological Reviews. (Williams & Wilkins, 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1949-
PBBHAU Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. (ANKHO International Inc., P.O. Box 426, Fayetteville, NY 13066) V.1- 1973-
PHMGBN Pharmacology: International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. (S. Karger AG, Postfach CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland) V.1- 1968-
PLPSAX Physiological Psychology. (Austin, TX) V.1-14, 1973-86.
PNASA6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (National Academy of Sciences, Printing & Pub. Office, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418) V.1- 1915-
PSCHDL Psychopharmacology (Berlin). (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.47- 1976-
PSEBAA Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1903/04-
RBREV* Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
RCOCB8 Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. (PJD Pub. Ltd., P.O. Box 966, Westbury, NY 11590) V.1- 1970-
RCPBDC Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior. (PJD Pub. Ltd., P.O. Box 966, Westbury, NY 11590) V.1- 1976-
RECYAR Revue Roumaine d'Embryologie et de Cytologia, Serie d'Embrologie. (Bucharest, Romania) V.1-8, 1964-71.
REPTED Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987-
SCIEAS Science. (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1895-
STRAAA Strahlentherapie. (Urban & Schwarzenberg, Postfach 202440, D-8000 Munich 2, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1912-
TGANAK Tsitologiya i Genetika. Cytology and Genetics. For English translation, see CYGEDX. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1967-
TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968-
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOSCF2 Toxicological Sciences (Oxford University Press, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887 ) V. 41, Jan. 1998-
TOXIA6 Toxicon. (Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, UK) V.1- 1962-
TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TSITAQ Tsitologiya. Cytology. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1959-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
UCDS** Union Carbide Data Sheet. (Union Carbide Corp., 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817)
VCVGK* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva, galogen I kislorod sodergashie organicheskie soedinenia". (Hazardous substances. Galogen and oxygen containing substances), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1994.
VHTODE Veterinary and Human Toxicology. (American College of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology, Publication Office, Comparative Toxicology, Manhattan, KS 66506) V.19- 1977-
YAKUD5 Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. (Yakugyo Jihosha, Inaoka Bldg., 2-36 Jinbo-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1959-
ZIETA2 Zeitschrift fuer Immunitaetsforschung und Experimentelle Therapie. (Stuttgart, Fed. Rep. Ger.) 1924-62. For publisher information, see ZIEKBA.

Used as a topical anti-infective agent, solvent to make beverages

NIOSH PROFILE (PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (SPRAY PAINTING), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING), SRI, 2/7

FDA-over the counter and proprietary drug

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Drug
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Natural Product
   Primary Irritant

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