The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
Dipyrido (1,2 - a;2',1' - c) pyrazinediium, 6,7 - dihydro - , dibromide |
UPDATE: November 2004 | MW: 344.08 | MF: C12H12N2•2Br |
SYNONYMS: | |
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SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
eye rabbit | 10 mg | mild | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
skin rabbit | 400 mg/20 day | mild | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
SYSTEM TEST |
ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE | DOSE | REFERENCE |
cytogenetic analysis | hamster lung | 20 µmol/L | TIVIEQ 3,53,1989 |
DNA inhibition | human lymphocyte | 500 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
DNA inhibition | rat other cell types | 100 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
DNA repair | Salmonella typhimurium | 10 µg/plate | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
unscheduled DNA synthesis | human other cell types | 20 mg/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
unscheduled DNA synthesis | human fibroblast | 1 µmol/L | MUREAV 42,161,1977 |
mutation in microorganisms | Aspergillus nidulans | 500 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
mutation in microorganisms | Escherichia coli | 2,200 nmol/L (-enzymatic activation step) | ENMUDM 3,11,1981 |
mutation in microorganisms | Salmonella typhimurium | 100 nmol/plate (+enzymatic activation step) | TOLED5 3,169,1979 |
gene conversion and mitotic recombination | Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 1,000 ppm | MUREAV 22,111,1974 |
sister chromatid exchange | hamster lung | 100 nmol/L | TOLED5 31(Suppl),214,1986 |
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | Aspergillus nidulans | 10 gm/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
intraperitoneal mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 10,800 µg/kg (9-12 day pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | BECTA6 25,513,1980 |
intraperitoneal rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg (7 day pregnant) |
Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | 26UZAB 6,257,1968/1970 |
intravenous rat | lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg (17 day pregnant) |
Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | TXAPA9 33,450,1975 |
TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
intraperitoneal rat | lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg | N/R | PAREAQ 14,225,1962 |
intravaginal woman | lowest published toxic dose: 400 µL/kg |
Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other | JTCTDW 37,877,1999 |
intravenous rat | lowest published lethal dose: 14 mg/kg | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | 26UZAB 6,257,1968/1970 |
oral duck | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 564 mg/kg | N/R | DOEAAH 35,25,1979 |
oral domestic animal | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 30 mg/kg | N/R | 85GYAV -,102,1971 |
oral man | lowest published lethal dose: 750 mg/kg |
Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Vascular: Shock Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | JTCTDW 37,881,1999 |
oral man | lowest published lethal dose: 1,514 µL/kg |
Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Cardiac: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | JTCTDW 38,149,2000 |
oral rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 120 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | PRKHDK 1,31,1975 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | HBPTO* 1,699,2001 |
oral woman | lowest published lethal dose: 400 µL/kg |
Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | AJMEAZ 70,1267,1981 |
oral woman | lowest published lethal dose: 52.2 mg/kg |
Brain and Coverings: Changes in circulation Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | AJEMEN 19,527,2001 |
subcutaneous rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 11 mg/kg |
Eye: Mydriasis (pupilliary dilation) Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
skin rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 433 mg/kg | N/R | FAATDF 7,299,1986 |
skin rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): >500 mg/kg | N/R | WRPCA2 9,119,1970 |
unreported route mammal (species unspecified) | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg | N/R | 30ZDA9 -,409,1971 |
OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1,900 µg/m3/4 hour/19 week- intermittent |
Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | KHZDAN 15,25,1972 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 988 mg/kg/19 week- intermittent |
Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Isomerases | KHZDAN 12,325,1969 |
skin rabbit | lowest published toxic dose: 37.5 mg/kg/3 day- intermittent |
Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | HBPTO* 1,699,2001 |
REVIEWS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| CRTXB2 1(1),93,1971 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| DTTIAF 80,485,1973 |
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 | PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION | FEREAC 54,7740,1989 |
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF | PESTICIDES: RED Completed | RBREV* -,115,1998 |
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 | DTLWS* 3,17,1973 |
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE | VME 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY | short term exposure limit 0.1 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND | MAK- week 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 0.5 mg/m3, 2003 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value; | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value |
NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD or SURVEY |
REFERENCE |
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO DIQUAT-air | 10 hour time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 83281; Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 98; Number of Occupations 3; Total Number of Employees Exposed 200 |
STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES: | |
ORGANIZATION |
REFERENCE |
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal | |
Used to control a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial weeds | |
On EPA IRIS database |
REFERENCES: | |
CODEN |
REFERENCE |
26UZAB | "Pesticides Symposia; Collection of Papers Presented at the Sixth & Seventh Inter-American Conferences on Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Miami, FL," Miami, FL, J.L. Halos, 1968-70 |
30ZDA9 | "Chemistry of Pesticides," Melnikov, N.N., New York, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1971 |
85GYAV | "Pflanzenschutz-und Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmittel: Abriss einer Toxikologie und Therapie von Vergiftungen," 2nd ed., Klimmer, O.R., Hattingen, Fed. Rep. Ger., Hundt-Verlag, 1971 |
AJEMEN | American Journal of Emergency Medicine. (WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA) V.1- 1983- |
AJMEAZ | American Journal of Medicine. (Technical Pub., 875 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022) V.1- 1946- |
ARTODN | Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- |
BECTA6 | Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1966- |
BJIMAG | British Journal of Industrial Medicine. (British Medical Journal, Box 560B, Kennebunkport, ME 04046) V.1- 1944- |
CRTXB2 | CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- |
DOEAAH | Down to Earth. (Dow Chemical USA, Agricultural Products Dept., Midland, MI 48640) V.1- 1945- |
DTLWS* | "Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air," Supplements. For publisher information, see 85INA8. |
DTTIAF | Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift. (Hanover, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1-77, 1893-1970. |
ENMUDM | Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. |
FAATDF | Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1-40, 1981-97. For publisher information, see TOSCF2 |
FEREAC | Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- |
HBPTO* | Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Robert Krieger ed, Academic press, 2001 |
JTCTDW | Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- |
KHZDAN | Khigiena i Zdraveopazvane. Hygiene and Sanitation. (Hemus, Blvd. Russki 6, Sofia, Bulgaria) V.9- 1966- |
MUREAV | Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- |
NIOSH* | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. |
PAREAQ | Pharmacological Reviews. (Williams & Wilkins, 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1949- |
PRKHDK | Problemi na Khigienata. Problems in Hygiene. (Durzhavno Izdatel'stvo Meditsina i Fizkultura, Pl. Slaveikov 11, Sofia, Bulgaria) V.1- 1975- |
RBREV* | Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998 |
TIVIEQ | Toxicology In Vitro. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987- |
TOLED5 | Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977- |
TXAPA9 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- |
WRPCA2 | World Review of Pest Control. (London, UK) V.1-10, 1962-71. Discontinued. |