The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Cadmium

RTECS #: EU9800000

CAS #: 7440-43-9

UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 112.40 MF: Cd


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. MUTATION DATA:
  3. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  4. TUMORIGENIC DATA:
  5. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  6. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  7. REVIEWS:
  8. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  9. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  10. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  11. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. C.I. 77180
  2. Cadmium (ACGIH:OSHA)
  3. Cadmium dust fume (OSHA)
  4. Cadmium powder
  1. Cadmium, elemental
  2. Colloidal cadmium
  3. Kadmium (German)


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
N/R
 N/R N/R N/R


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 1 µmol/L CGCGBR 26,251,1980
DNA damage human lung 10 µmol/L TOXID9 72,219,2003
micronucleus test mouse embryo 6 µmol/L TIVIEQ 4,57,1990


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,686 µg/kg (7 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system TJADAB 28,39A,1983
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,124 µg/kg (1 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) TXAPA9 41,194,1977
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,250 µg/kg (14 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Body wall

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system 		JJATDK 1,264,1981
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,250 µg/kg (9 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear 		JJATDK 1,264,1981
intravenous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg (8-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) JJATDK 1,264,1981
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 448 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death 		AEHLAU 23,102,1971
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,700 mg/kg (8-12 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TCMUD8 6,361,1986
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 155 mg/kg (13 week male/13 week prior to copulation-3 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		BECTA6 20,96,1978
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 220 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus TOLED5 11,233,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 21,500 µg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Germ cell effects (in offspring) 		ENVRAL 22,466,1980
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 23 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) PSEBAA 158,614,1978
parenteral
hamster 		lowest published toxic dose: 2 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) TJADAB 31,52A,1985
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 250 µg/kg (19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic APTOD9 19,A122,1980


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
woman 		lowest published toxic concentration: 129 µg/m3/20 year- continuous Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors 		AJIMD8 10,153,1986
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 40 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		JEPTDQ 1(1),51,1977
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 70 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		BJCAAI 18,124,1964
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 63 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NATUAS 193,592,1962
intramuscular
rat 		toxic dose : 45 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		NCIUS* PH43-64-886
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,372 µg/kg Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		ENVRAL 55,40,1991
unreported route
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,200 mg/kg Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Testicular tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application 		ZHYGAM 31,224,1985


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
human 		lowest published lethal concentration: 39 mg/m3/20 minute Cardiac: Other changes

Vascular: Thromobosis distant from injection site

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression 		AIHAAP 31,180,1970
inhalation
man 		lowest published toxic concentration: 88 µg/m3/8.6 year Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria AEHLAU 28,147,1974
inhalation
rat 		lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 25 mg/m3/30 minute Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea SAIGBL 16,212,1974
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5,700 µg/kg N/R TXAPA9 37,403,1976
intravenous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kg N/R JOBSAK 35,693,1928
intravenous
rabbit 		lethal dose : 2.5 mg/kg Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes primarily in glomeruli

Blood: Granulocytopenia 		TXAPA9 174,225,2001
intravenous
rabbit 		lethal dose : 3.5 mg/kg Liver: Multiple effects

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes primarily in glomeruli

Blood: Granulocytopenia 		TXAPA9 174,225,2001
oral
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 890 mg/kg N/R VCVN1* -,164,1988
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,330 mg/kg N/R 85PDAD -,67,1978
oral
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 70 mg/kg N/R AMPMAR 34,127,1973
subcutaneous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 6 mg/kg N/R PROTA* -,-,1955
skin
mouse 		lowest published lethal dose: 77.5 mg/kg N/R TXAPA9 176,24,2001
unreported route
man 		lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg N/R 85DCAI 2,73,1970
unreported route
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 890 mg/kg N/R GTPZAB 22(5),6,1978
unreported route
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1,140 mg/kg N/R GTPZAB 22(5),6,1978


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
multiple
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.355 gm/kg/30 year- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition 		JAPTO* 22,431,2002
multiple
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.498 gm/kg/30 year- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition JAPTO* 22,431,2002
oral
human 		lowest published toxic dose: 53.6 mg/kg/50 year- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes 		JJATDK 22,431,2002
oral
pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 21,880 mg/kg/78 week- continuous Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section TOXID9 13,162,1993
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 546 mg/kg/26 week- continuous Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases 		TOXID9 2,52,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,512 mg/kg/48 week- continuous Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Other metals 		TOLED5 5,105,1980
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 37.5 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		TOXID9 72,17,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 420 mg/kg/12 week- continuous Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases 		FCTOD7 42,429,2004
oral
woman 		lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/40 year- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes 		JJATDK 22,431,2002
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/5 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria 		TOXID9 72,349,2003


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 0.002 mg(Cd)/m3 DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Suspected Human Carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT 2,74,1973
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT 11,39,1976
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT 58,119,1993
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Limited Evidence IMSUDL 7,139,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 58,119,1993
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Group 1 IMEMDT 58,119,1993
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 540,19,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JDSCAE 58,1767,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JFDSAZ 39,321,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AMBOCX 3,55,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
QURBAW 7,75,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AEMBAP 40,239,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NTIS** PB221-198
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
KOTTAM 11,1300,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FOREAE 7,313,1942
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
STEVA8 2,341,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FCTXAV 9,105,1971
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AJMEAZ 38,409,1965
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENVRAL 4,71,1971
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
85CVA2 5,63,1970
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
PEXTAR 12,102,1969
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
PDTNBH 6,204,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
BNYMAM 54,413,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AMTODM 3,209,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
GSAMAQ 123,109,1971
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
49DXAV -,57,1983
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
43QNAO 2,743,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CREOH* 42,93,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,63,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 134,17,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,53,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,161,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,311,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MAERE* 51,247,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MAERE* 52,173,2001


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 0.2 mg/m3 DTLVS* 3,35,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1910.1027 CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1926.1127 CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1915.1027 CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 0.2 mg(Cd)/m3 CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt time-weighted average 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 0.01 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 0.02 mg/m3, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VME 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 0.005 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - JAPAN Occupational Exposure Limit 0.05 mg/m3, Group 1 Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY time-weighted average 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 0.2 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) fume 0.02 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) fume 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) dust 0.04 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) dust 0.2 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA time-weighted average 0.01 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.05 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN NGV 0.05 mg/m3 (total dust), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN time-weighted average 0.01 mg/m3 (resp. dust), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 0.05 mg/m3, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 0.2 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY time-weighted average 0.2 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM time-weighted average 0.025 mg(Cd)/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Suspected Human Carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Suspected Human Carcinogen


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO CADMIUM, dust and fume-air Carcinogen lowest feasible conc. NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: T0608;
Number of Industries 1;
Total Number of Facilities 48;
Number of Occupations 1;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 96
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 15570;
Number of Industries 41;
Total Number of Facilities 1,256;
Number of Occupations 50;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 14,717
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: T0608;
Number of Industries 2;
Total Number of Facilities 25;
Number of Occupations 3;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 335;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 22
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X2776;
Number of Industries 5;
Total Number of Facilities 248;
Number of Occupations 6;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 3,893;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 1,887
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5979;
Number of Industries 2;
Total Number of Facilities 95;
Number of Occupations 2;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 486
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 15570;
Number of Industries 77;
Total Number of Facilities 4,811;
Number of Occupations 64;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 88,968;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 14,541


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/99/166621)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/limited: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vivo cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in metal plating, for plastic stabilizers and in pigments
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
On EPA IRIS database
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 42, 1984
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Cadmium and compounds, as Cd, 7048
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements by ICP, 7300
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements in blood or tissue, 8005
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Metals in urine, 8310
NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Known to be human carcinogen
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID189
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID206


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
43QNAO "Cadmium in the Environment," Nriagu, J.O., ed., 2 vols., New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1980-81
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TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
VCVN1* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988.
ZHYGAM Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Hygiene und Ihre Grenzgebiete. (VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Neue Gruenstr. 18, Berlin DDR-1020, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1- 1955-

Used in metal plating, for plastic stabilizers and in pigments

NIOSH PROFILE (SMELTERS, SECONDARY NON-FERROUS), SRI, 2/77

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data

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