The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
Ammonia |
UPDATE: November 2004 | MW: 17.04 | MF: H3N |
SYNONYMS: | |
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SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
SYSTEM TEST |
ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE | DOSE | REFERENCE |
cytogenetic analysis |
inhalation rat | 19,800 痢/m3/16 week | BZARAZ 27(6),102,1974 |
mutation in microorganisms | Escherichia coli | 1,500 ppm/3 hour (-enzymatic activation step) | AMNTA4 85,119,1951 |
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1,680 mg/kg/24 week- continuous |
Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors | CALEDQ 65,15,1992 |
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation cat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 7 gm/m3/1 hour |
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Excitement | JIHTAB 26,29,1944 |
inhalation cat | lowest published toxic concentration: 350 mg/m3/4 hour | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 350 mg/m3/4 hour | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 20 ppm |
Olfaction: Ulcerated nasal septum Eye: Conjunctiva irritation Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi | AGGHAR 13,528,1955 |
inhalation human | lowest published lethal concentration: 5,000 ppm/5 minute | N/R | TABIA2 3,231,1933 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 40 mg/m3 |
Eye: Conjunctiva irritation Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 3 mg/m3/8 hour |
Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 1,200 mg/m3 |
Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation human | lowest published lethal concentration: 1,500 mg/m3/30 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation mammal (species unspecified) | lowest published lethal concentration: 5,000 ppm/5 minute | N/R | AEPPAE 138,65,1928 |
inhalation mammal (species unspecified) | lowest published toxic concentration: 3,500 mg/m3/90 minute | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation mouse | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 4,230 ppm/1 hour |
Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | FEPRA7 41,1568,1982 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 10 mg/m3/2 hour |
Blood: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/2 hour | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation mouse | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 4,600 mg/m3/2 hour | N/R | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2,000 ppm/4 hour | N/R | 34ZIAG -,607,1969 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 350 mg/m3/4 hour | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 mg/m3/4 hour | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
inhalation rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 18,600 mg/m3/5 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 7,040 mg/m3/30 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,12,1993 |
inhalation rabbit | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 7 gm/m3/1 hour |
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Excitement | JIHTAB 26,29,1944 |
inhalation rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 350 mg/m3/4 hour | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough | VCVN5* -,11,1993 |
oral man | lowest published toxic dose: 15 無/kg | Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of esophagus | AJEMEN 3,320,1985 |
skin rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 112,000 mg/m3/15 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,14,1993 |
skin rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 71,900 mg/m3/30 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,14,1993 |
skin rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4,840 mg/m3/60 minute | N/R | VCVN5* -,14,1993 |
unreported route man | lowest published lethal dose: 132 mg/kg | N/R | 85DCAI 2,73,1970 |
OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES: | |||
ROUTE/ ORGANISM | DOSE |
EFFECT | REFERENCE |
inhalation dog | lowest published toxic concentration: 470 mg/m3/8 hour/90 day- intermittent | Eye: Lacrimation | TXAPA9 16,646,1970 |
inhalation guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 470 mg/m3/8 hour/90 day- intermittent |
Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 16,646,1970 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 6 mg/m3/7 hour/17 week- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | VCVN5* -,13,1989 |
inhalation human | lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m3/5 year- intermittent |
Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic Behavioral: Muscle weakness Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema | VCVN5* -,14,1989 |
inhalation mouse | lowest published toxic concentration: 711 ppm/6 hour/14 day- intermittent | Olfaction: Other olfaction effects | JJATDK 15,207,1995 |
inhalation pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 145 ppm/5 week- continuous |
Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | JANSAG 28,844,1969 |
inhalation pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/6 day- continuous |
Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | AJVRAH 55,1335,1994 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/6 hour/5 day- intermittent |
Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Blood: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion) | PHTOEH 64,244,1989 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 455 mg/m3/8 hour/90 day- intermittent |
Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXAPA9 16,646,1970 |
inhalation rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 960 mg/m3/4 hour/17 week- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS | GISAAA 50(5),90,1985 |
inhalation rabbit | lowest published toxic concentration: 470 mg/m3/8 hour/90 day- intermittent |
Eye: Corneal damage Eye: Other eye effects | TXAPA9 16,646,1970 |
oral rat | lowest published toxic dose: 173 mg/kg/4 week- continuous | Gastrointestinal: Other changes | DDSCDJ 36,33,1991 |
REVIEWS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value | time-weighted average 25 ppm | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003 |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value | short term exposure limit 35 ppm | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2003 |
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW |
| NTIS** AD-A094-501 |
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD |
REFERENCE |
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF | PESTICIDES: Active registration | RBREV* -,352,1998 |
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) | DTLVS* 3,11,1971 |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8 hour time-weighted average 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | 8 hour time-weighted average 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | 8 hour time-weighted average 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | 8 hour time-weighted average 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 35 ppm, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRIA | MAK 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM | time-weighted average 25 ppm (17 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 35 ppm (24 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 40 ppm (30 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE | VME 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), VLE 50 ppm (36 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY | MAK 50 ppm (35 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 14 mg/m3, 2003 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - INDIA | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 35 ppm (27 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - JAPAN | Occupational Exposure Limit 25 ppm (17 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES | time-weighted average 50 ppm (30 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 20 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 27 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA | time-weighted average 25 ppm, short term exposure limit 20 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN | NGV 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), TGV 50 ppm (35 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND | MAK- week 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), KZG- week 50 ppm (36 mg/m3), JAN1999 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND | time-weighted average 50 ppm (35 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY | time-weighted average 25 ppm (35 mg/m3), JAN1993 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit - UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 25 ppm (18 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 35 ppm (25 mg/m3), SEP2000 | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value; short term exposure limit 35 ppm | |
Occupational Exposure Limit IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM |
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value short term exposure limit 35 ppm |
NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE: | ||
ORGANIZATION | STANDARD or SURVEY |
REFERENCE |
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO AMMONIA-air |
10 hour time-weighted average 25 ppm; short term exposure limit 35 ppm | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 |
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 05250; Number of Industries 363; Total Number of Facilities 115,139; Number of Occupations 198; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,168,429 | |
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 |
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 05250![]() Number of Industries 270; Total Number of Facilities 42,116; Number of Occupations 174; Total Number of Employees Exposed 805,962; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 287,974 |
STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES: | |
ORGANIZATION |
REFERENCE |
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/91/180315/AS) | |
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal | |
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies | |
On EPA IRIS database | |
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001 | |
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Ammonia, 6015 | |
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1996: Ammoinia by IC, 6016 | |
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-164 | |
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-188 |
REFERENCES: | |
CODEN |
REFERENCE |
34ZIAG | "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969 |
85DCAI | "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970 |
AEPPAE | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. |
AGGHAR | Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. (Berlin, Ger.) V.1-18, 1930-61. For publisher information, see IAEHDW. |
AJEMEN | American Journal of Emergency Medicine. (WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA) V.1- 1983- |
AJVRAH | American Journal of Veterinary Research. (American Veterinary Medical Assoc., 930 N. Meacham Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60196) V.1- 1940- |
AMNTA4 | American Naturalist. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Journals Div., POB 37005, Chicago, IL 60637) V.1- 1867- |
BZARAZ | Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii. Biological Journal of Armenia. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.19- 1966- |
CALEDQ | Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975- |
CFRGBR | Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) |
DDSCDJ | Digestive Diseases and Sciences. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) V.24- 1979- |
DTLVS* | The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 |
FEPRA7 | Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Bethesda, MD) V.1-46, 1942-87. |
GISAAA | Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- |
JANSAG | Journal of Animal Science. (American Soc. of Animal Science, 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820) V.1- 1942- |
JIHTAB | Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Cambridge, MA) V.18-31, 1936-49. For publisher information, see AEHLAU. |
JJATDK | JAT, Journal of Applied Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane, Chichester, W. Sussex PO19 1UD, UK) V.1- 1981- |
NIOSH* | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. |
NTIS** | National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. |
PHTOEH | Pharmacology and Toxicology (Copenhagen). (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.60- 1987- |
RBREV* | Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998 |
TABIA2 | Tabulae Biologicae. (The Hague, Netherlands) V.1-22, 1925-63. Discontinued. |
TXAPA9 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- |
VCVN5* | "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov V-VII groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing V-VII group elements), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1989. |