The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Acetic acid, lead (2+) salt

RTECS #: AI5250000

CAS #: 301-04-2

UPDATE: May 2005 MW: 325.29 MF: C4H6O4•Pb


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. MUTATION DATA:
  3. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  4. TUMORIGENIC DATA:
  5. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  6. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  7. REVIEWS:
  8. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  9. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  10. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Acetate de plomb (French)
  2. Bleiacetat (German)
  3. Dibasic lead acetate
  4. Lead acetate
  5. Lead diacetate
  6. Lead dibasic acetate
  7. Lead (2+) acetate
  1. Lead (II) acetate
  2. Normal lead acetate
  3. Plumbous acetate
  4. RCRA waste number U144
  5. Salt of saturn
  6. Sugar of lead


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
N/R
 N/R N/R N/R


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis oral
domestic animal 		364 mg/kg/52 week- continuous NICKA3 52,619,1981
cytogenetic analysis human lymphocyte 1 mmol/L/24 hour TXCYAC 10,67,1978
cytogenetic analysis oral
monkey 		206 mg/kg/64 week- intermittent MUREAV 45,77,1977
cytogenetic analysis oral
mouse 		16,800 mg/kg/4 week JTEHD6 2,619,1977
cytogenetic analysis oral
rat 		5,000 ppm TKIZAM 82,232,1974
cytogenetic analysis unreported route
rat 		9 mg/kg/26 week- continuous GISAAA 49(3),15,1984
cytogenetic analysis intraperitoneal
rat 		51,800 µg/kg AEHLAU 40,144,1985
dominant lethal test unreported route
rat 		1,825 µg/kg/1 year- continuous GISAAA 49(3),15,1984
DNA adduct Escherichia coli 50 µmol/L MUREAV 89,95,1981
DNA damage hamster lung 1,700 µmol/L MUREAV 298,97,1992
DNA damage human lymphocyte 0.1 mmol/L/1 hour MUREAV 535,127,2003
DNA damage mouse lung 0.1 µmol/L/10 minute MUTAEX 16,265,2001
DNA damage mouse liver 0.1 µmol/L/10 minute MUTAEX 16,265,2001
DNA damage mouse kidney 0.1 µmol/L/10 minute MUTAEX 16,265,2001
DNA damage inhalation
mouse 		0.408 mg/L/60 minute MUTAEX 16,265,2001
DNA damage inhalation
mouse 		3.264 mg/L/4 week MUTAEX 17,55,2002
unscheduled DNA synthesis hamster embryo 200 µmol/L MUREAV 131,173,1984
unscheduled DNA synthesis intraperitoneal
rat 		50 µg/kg PSEBAA 143,446,1973
unscheduled DNA synthesis parenteral
rat 		5 mg/kg LAINAW 30,647,1974
micronucleus test hamster fibroblast 0.6 µmol/L/18 hour TOLED5 140-141,75,2003
micronucleus test intraperitoneal
mouse 		7,500 µg/kg GWZHEW 12,77,1986
micronucleus test intraperitoneal
rat 		51,800 µg/kg AEHLAU 40,144,1985
mutation in mammalian somatic cells hamster lung 1,700 µmol/L MUREAV 298,97,1992
morphological transform hamster embryo 1 mg/L JJIND8 67,1303,1981
morphological transform mouse fibroblast 800 µg/L JJIND8 67,1303,1981
morphological transform rat embryo 200 mg/L JJIND8 67,1303,1981
other mutation test systems intraperitoneal
rat 		10,400 µg/kg AEHLAU 40,144,1985
sister chromatid exchange intraperitoneal
mouse 		100 mg/kg MUREAV 158,217,1985
sister chromatid exchange oral
mouse 		19,200 mg/kg/48 day NAYXEW 5,114,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction intraperitoneal
mouse 		179 µg/kg GNTKDF 18,147,1986
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction Saccharomyes cerevisiae 250 µmol/L MUTAEX 1,21,1986
sperm morphology intratesticular
domestic animal 		10 mg/kg IJEBA6 11,143,1973
sperm morphology parenteral
mouse 		1 gm/kg ARTODN 46,159,1980
sperm morphology intraperitoneal
mouse 		400 mg/kg/5 day- intermittent CMMUAO 5,257,1978


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intraperitoneal
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 12,500 µg/kg (20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system TJADAB 30,413,1984
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 35 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		BIMDB3 30,223,1979
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 180 mg/kg (10-16 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		ZYDXEN 21,349,1992
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg (9 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear 		FOMOAJ 33,23,1974
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg (30 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands 		CUSCAM 56,281,1987
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 60 mg/kg (13-19 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus ZYDXEN 21,349,1992
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,256 mg/kg (14 week male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct 		EXPADD 31,249,1987
intratesticular
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg (1 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct 		IJEBA6 11,143,1973
intravenous
hamster 		lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear 		EXMPA6 7,208,1967
intravenous
hamster 		lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		ANREAK 157,358,1967
intravenous
mammal (species unspecified) 		lowest published toxic dose: 256 mg/kg (7-10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) VETODR 18(2),58,1976
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg (11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) 		TJADAB 26(1),13A,1982
intravenous
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg (7-8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) TJADAB 24(1),18A,1981
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg (22-52 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) 		TXCYAC 59,81,1989
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,108 mg/kg (22-52 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system 		TXCYAC 72,89,1992
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 765 mg/kg (90 day prior to copulation/1-23 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral NTOTDY 5,391,1983
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,557 mg/kg (62 week prior to copulation) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders FAATDF 9,722,1987
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg (57 week prior to copulation) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Endocrine: Change in LH 		REPTED 6,123,1992
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 236 mg/kg (7-16 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) ARTODN 41,125,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,800 mg/kg (1-8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) CRSBAW 172,1037,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 9 gm/kg (7-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion CRSBAW 170,1319,1976
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 259 mg/kg (7-17 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) ARTODN 41,125,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 11 gm/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		HETOEA 14,872,1995
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system 		HETOEA 14,872,1995
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,257 µL/kg (10 day prior to copulation/1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		TOSCF2 42,129,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 µg/kg (30 day male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Impotence 		AJOGAH 115,1058,1973
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 97 mg/kg (5 week male/5 week prior to copulation-3 week after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral EVHPAZ 12,119,1975
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 14,700 mg/kg (1-21 day pregnant/21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		AHRTAN 47,245,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,800 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant/14 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic TOLED5 7,373,1981
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 460 mg/kg (49 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) EVHPAZ 17,290,1976
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 230 mg/kg (49 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		CEXIAL 35,413,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,950 mg/kg (6-18 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) TJADAB 26,229,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,413 mg/kg (1-18 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Maternal- fetal exchange

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) 		ENVRAL 30,152,1983
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,380 mg/kg (17 week male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		KHZDAN 23(4),304,1980
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 322.5 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant/21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) NETEEC 22,337,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 660 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) NETEEC 22,337,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 mg/kg (multigeneration)) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		NETEEC 22,337,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,200 mg/kg (21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		NETEEC 22,41,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg (30 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		NETEEC 22,151,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,120 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant/30 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral 		NETEEC 22,151,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		FESTAS 22,755,1971
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical 		TXAPA9 136,361,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 17,550 mg/kg (5-22 day pregnant/1-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		JTEHD6 54,101,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 68 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic TOLED5 32,255,1986
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,275 mg/kg (5-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical JTEHF8 54,77,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,825 mg/kg (5-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth JTEHF8 54,77,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical JTEHF8 54,77,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		JTEHF8 54,77,1998
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 gm/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		EVHPAZ 110(Suppl 3),377,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8.8 gm/kg (0-22 day pregnant/21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		EVHPAZ 110(Suppl 3),377,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,875 mg/kg (7 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		NETEEC 24,805,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,199 mg/kg (1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic 		NETEEC 24,149,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg (30 day prior to copulation/22 day pregnant/21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		LIFSAK 74,1139,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.4 gm/kg (30 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		TOSCF2 77,35,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5.8 gm/kg (30 day prior to copulation/22 day pregnant/3 week after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		PSCHDL 168,236,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5.84 gm/kg (30 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		PSCHDL 174,203,2004
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,119.8 mg/kg (0-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TOLED5 143,331,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,200 mg/kg (1-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects 		ETOPFR 13,187,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,554 mg/kg (1 day pregnant-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral NETEEC 26,291,2004
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 110 mg/kg (15 week male) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects 		NETEEC 19,191,1997
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 800 mg/kg (9-22 day pregnant/14 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic JTEHD6 10,653,1982
unreported route
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2.92 gm/kg (30 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) PSCHDL 158,165,2001


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Endocrine: Adrenal cortex tumors 		ENVRAL 24,391,1981
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 250 gm/kg/47 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors 		BJCAAI 16,283,1962
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 2,430 mg/kg/23 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Brain and Coverings: Tumors

Endocrine: Tumors 		ENVRAL 24,391,1981
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 4,605 mg/kg/44 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Endocrine: Adrenal cortex tumors 		ENVRAL 24,391,1981
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 7,560 mg/kg/72 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Endocrine: Tumors

Endocrine: Thyroid tumors 		ENVRAL 24,391,1981
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 9,150 mg/kg/44 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors 		AJPAA4 50,571,1967
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 218 gm/kg/1 year- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors 		BECTA6 23,464,1979
oral
rat 		toxic dose : 138 gm/kg/76 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors 		TOPADD 13,50,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 92.4 gm/kg/100 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors 		TOXID9 72,84,2003


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 140 mg/kg N/R TXCYAC 64,19,1990
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 12.5 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation 		TXCYAC 178,183,2002
intraperitoneal
pigeon 		lowest published lethal dose: 150 mg/kg N/R ARTODN 46,265,1980
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 150 mg/kg N/R EQSSDX 1,1,1975
intravenous
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R EQSSDX 1,1,1975
intravenous
man 		lowest published toxic dose: 71 mg/kg Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other 		HUTODJ 4,301,1985
intravenous
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 104 mg/kg Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain IGSBAL 93,461,1977
intravenous
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 25 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea 		JIHTAB 31,301,1949
oral
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
oral
human 		lowest published lethal dose: 714 mg/kg Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting 		IPSTB3 3,93,1976
subcutaneous
cat 		lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
subcutaneous
dog 		lowest published lethal dose: 80 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
subcutaneous
frog 		lowest published lethal dose: 1,600 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
subcutaneous
rabbit 		lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 5 mg/m3/6 hour/70 day- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands HETOEA 12,165,1993
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 37,680 µg/kg/5 day- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Blood: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Other metals 		BECTA6 16,190,1976
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 59 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Na

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases 		FEPRA7 36,1116,1977
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 mg/kg/30 day- intermittent Blood: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight 		INHEAO 25,55,1987
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 152 mg/kg/4 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG

Blood: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		INHEAO 22,189,1984
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 69 mg/kg/22 week- intermittent Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from afferent nerve

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition 		INHEAO 24,163,1986
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/35 day- intermittent Endocrine: Change in LH

Endocrine: Androgenic

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) 		TXCYAC 100,101,1995
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 60 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility 		TXCYAC 122,133,1997
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		JTEHF8 55,45,1998
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Endocrine: Androgenic

Blood: Other changes 		JTEHF8 55,45,1998
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 58.33 mg/kg/70 day- intermittent Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight RCOCB8 14,689,1976
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4.554 mg/kg/3 day- intermittent Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion) 		ARTODN -,227,1987
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 90 mg/kg/9 week- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) TXCYAC 122,133,1997
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/5 week- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases 		TXCYAC 103,53,1995
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 mg/kg/30 day- intermittent Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight 		FHICY* 24,233,1986
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/30 day- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct FHICY* 24,233,1986
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 180 mg/kg/30 day- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) FHICY* 24,233,1986
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 140 mg/kg/1 week- intermittent Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count TXCYAC 191,245,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Blood: Changes in spleen

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases 		TXCYAC 191,245,2003
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.75 mg/kg/15 day- intermittent Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS FCTOD7 41,379,2003
oral
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 286 mg/kg/13 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		JEPTDQ 3(5-6),465,1980
oral
domestic animal 		lowest published toxic dose: 105 mg/kg/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS

Eye: Other eye effects

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Glycolytic 		AJVRAH 54,808,1993
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,250 mg/kg/25 day- intermittent Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction

Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia

Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes 		MTPEEI -,6,1993
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 750 mg/kg/75 day- intermittent Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia

Endocrine: Effect on menstrual cycle

Endocrine: Other changes 		MTPEEI -,6,1993
oral
monkey 		lowest published toxic dose: 600,000 µg/kg/400 day- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) REPTED 6,123,1992
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,120 mg/kg/16 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		JTEMEM 3,235,1990
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 880 mg/kg/14 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		ARTODN 63,23,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 11,087 mg/kg/26 week- continuous Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		BECTA6 42,476,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,710 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Blood: Other changes

Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases 		ARTODN 63,23,1989
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 28 gm/kg/16 week- continuous Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field BECTA6 19,266,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 58.8 gm/kg/14 week- continuous Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field BECTA6 19,266,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 33.6 gm/kg/8 week- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) BECTA6 19,266,1978
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 16.8 gm/kg/4 week- continuous Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain BECTA6 19,266,1978
oral
pigeon 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,396 mg/kg/64 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Other changes 		ENVRAL 28,344,1982
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 240 mg/kg/17 week- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases 		KHZDAN 17,21,1974
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 122 gm/kg/90 day- continuous Cardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca 		DCTODJ 14,305,1991
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,006 mg/kg/61 week- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Other metals 		TOLED5 63,135,1992
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 43 mg/kg/1.5 year- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) 		GISAAA 44(2),9,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 923 gm/kg/28 week- continuous Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving peripheral nerve

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		ENVRAL 62,148,1993
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 192 gm/kg/5 week- continuous Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases 		TXAPA9 41,361,1977
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 126 gm/kg/30 week- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Endocrine: Hypoglycemia 		TXAPA9 25,84,1973
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 344 gm/kg/1 year- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		TOLED5 42,55,1988
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,907 mg/kg/36 week- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight 		TXAPA9 56,59,1980
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,404 mg/kg/8 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		PHTOEH 74,66,1994
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 70 gm/kg/10 week- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands AEHLAU 47,370,1992
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/2 week- intermittent Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct JAPTO* 21,275,2001
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS

Cardiac: Other changes

Blood: Other changes 		ETOPFR 2,69,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 42,000 mg/kg/7 day- continuous Blood: Other changes JOAND3 11,521,1990
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8,400 mg/kg/14 day- continuous Endocrine: Change in LH

Endocrine: Androgenic 		TXAPA9 136,361,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,000 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Endocrine: Change in LH

Endocrine: Androgenic 		BIREBV 37,1135,1987
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,500 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		BBIADT 43,95,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,000 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) BBIADT 43,95,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 6,000 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight BBIADT 43,95,1984
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 18,000 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain JOAND3 11,521,1990
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 36,000 mg/kg/60 day- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight 		JOAND3 11,521,1990
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 84,000 mg/kg/14 day- continuous Endocrine: Androgenic

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) 		JOAND3 11,521,1990
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,000 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Endocrine: Androgenic

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) 		TXCYAC 69,269,1991
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,000 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		TXCYAC 69,269,1991
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 475 mg/kg/19 day- intermittent Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		ENVRAL 19,383,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,400 mg/kg/14 day- intermittent Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		ENVRAL 19,383,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 30,000 mg/kg/50 day- continuous Endocrine: Change in LH

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight 		TXAPA9 136,361,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 21,600 mg/kg/36 day- continuous Endocrine: Effect on menstrual cycle

Endocrine: Other changes 		TXAPA9 136,361,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3,600 mg/kg/6 day- continuous Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain TXAPA9 136,361,1996
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,200 mg/kg/14 day- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility 		TXAPA9 124,310,1994
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Androgenic

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight 		BIREBV 33,722,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		BIREBV 33,722,1985
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 16.42 gm/kg/78 week- continuous Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section TOLED5 41,129,1988
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 92.4 gm/kg/100 week- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) TOXID9 72,84,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 259.84 mg/kg/1 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 529.2 mg/kg/1 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,093.28 mg/kg/4 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,216.8 mg/kg/8 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 977.2 mg/kg/1 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 14,869.12 mg/kg/16 week- continuous Behavioral: Fluid intake

Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Endocrine: Other changes 		EVHPAZ 110,871,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 25 gm/kg/25 day- intermittent Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold TXCYAC 173,249,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins 		TXCYAC 177,187,2002
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/4 week- intermittent Blood: Changes in spleen

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases 		TXCYAC 191,245,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 225 mg/kg/90 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes 		TOXID9 72,271,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,100 mg/kg/91 day- continuous Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Liver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) 		CBINA8 145,267,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9,100 mg/kg/91 day- continuous Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Porphyrin including bile pigments 		CBINA8 145,267,2003
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8,400 mg/kg/6 week- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Inflammation, necrosis or scarring of bladder

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects 		CBINA8 147,259,2004
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/6 week- intermittent Blood: Normocytic anemia

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Porphyrin including bile pigments 		GTPZAB 24(4),51,1980
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,920 mg/kg/14 week- intermittent Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count 		GISAAA 46(8),75,1981
subcutaneous
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 117 mg/kg/33 week- intermittent Blood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Other changes 		ARTODN 64,522,1990


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Inadequate Evidence IMSUDL 7,230,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMSUDL 7,230,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Group 3 IMSUDL 7,230,1987
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ADTEAS 5,51,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENVRAL 13,36,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
85DHAX Pb,256,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ARPTDI 44,87,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NUREA8 38,129,1980


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
N/R N/R N/R


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO LEAD, INORGANIC-air 10 hour time-weighted average <0.1 mg(Pb)/m3 NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X8211;
Number of Industries 4;
Total Number of Facilities 156;
Number of Occupations 5;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 2,145;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 50


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat embryo
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-SA7/SHE; Host-mediated assay
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/dose response: Cell transform.-BALB/c-3T3
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vivo cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: B subtilis rec assay; In vitro UDS-human fibroblast
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: S cerevisiae-homozygosis
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: SHE-clonal assay; Mammalian micronucleus
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: E coli polA without S9
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used as a color additive in hair dyes
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NTP 10th Report on Carcinogens,2002:Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
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IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979-
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LIFSAK Life Sciences. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1-8, 1962-69; V.14- 1974-
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MUTAEX Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NAYXEW Nanjing Yixueyuan Xuebao. Journal of Nanjing Medical College. (Nanjing Yixueyuan, 140 Hanzhonglu, Nanjing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1981(?)-
NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987-
NICKA3 Nippon Chikusan Gakkaiho. Journal of the Japanese Society of Zootechnical Science. (Nippon Chikusan Gakkai, 201 Nagatani Koporasu, 2-9-4 Ikenohata, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, Japan) V.1- 1924-
NIOSH* National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC.
NUREA8 Nutrition Reviews. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1942-
PHTOEH Pharmacology and Toxicology (Copenhagen). (Munksgaard International Pub., POB 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark) V.60- 1987-
PSCHDL Psychopharmacology (Berlin). (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.47- 1976-
PSEBAA Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1903/04-
RCOCB8 Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. (PJD Pub. Ltd., P.O. Box 966, Westbury, NY 11590) V.1- 1970-
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Used as a color additive in hair dyes

FDA-over the counter drug

RTECS Compound Description:
   Agricultural Chemical
   Tumorigen
   Organometallic
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data

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