|
Appendices to the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards |
APPENDICES
| APPENDIX A | - | NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
| APPENDIX B | - | Thirteen OSHA-Regulated Carcinogens
| APPENDIX C | - | Supplementary Exposure Limite
| APPENDIX D | - | Substances with No Established RELs
| APPENDIX E | - | OSHA Respirator Requirements for Selected Chemicals
| APPENDIX F | - | Miscellaneous Notes
| APPENDIX G | - | 1989 Air Contaminants Update Project: Exposure Limits NOT in Effect
|
|
| | Type C & CE | - | Definitions for Type C and Type CE Respirators
|
| | | | | | |
APPENDIX A
NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
New Policy
For the past 20 plus years, NIOSH has subscribed to a carcinogen policy
that was published in 1976 by Edward J. Fairchild, II, Associate Director for
Cincinnati Operations, which called for "no detectable exposure levels for
proven carcinogenic substances" (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
271:200-207, 1976). This was in response to a generic OSHA rulemaking on
carcinogens. Because of advances in science and in approaches to risk
assessment and risk management, NIOSH has adopted a more inclusive policy.
NIOSH recommended exposure limits (RELs) will be based on risk evaluations
using human or animal health effects data, and on an assessment of what levels
can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical
techniques. To the extent feasible, NIOSH will project not only a no-effect
exposure, but also exposure levels at which there may be residual risks. This
policy applies to all workplace hazards, including carcinogens, and is
responsive to Section 20(a)(3) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970, which charges NIOSH to ". . .describe exposure levels that are safe for
various periods of employment, including but not limited to the exposure
levels at which no employee will suffer impaired health or functional
capacities or diminished life expectancy as a result of his work experience."
The effect of this new policy will be the development, whenever
possible, of quantitative RELs that are based on human and/or animal data, as
well as on the consideration of technological feasibility for controlling
workplace exposures to the REL. Under the old policy, RELs for most
carcinogens were non-quantitative values labeled "lowest feasible
concentration (LFC)." [Note: There are a few exceptions to LFC RELs for
carcinogens (e.g., RELs for asbestos, formaldehyde, benzene, and ethylene
oxide are quantitative values based primarily on analytical limits of
detection or technological feasibility). Also, in 1989, NIOSH adopted several
quantitative RELs for carcinogens from OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL)
update.]
Under the new policy, NIOSH will also recommend the complete range of
respirators (as determined by the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic) for
carcinogens with quantitative RELs. In this way, respirators will be
consistently recommended regardless of whether a substance is a carcinogen
or a non-carcinogen.
Old Policy
In the past, NIOSH identified numerous substances that should be
treated as potential occupational carcinogens even though OSHA might not have
identified them as such. In determining their carcinogenicity, NIOSH used the
OSHA classification outlined in 29 CFR 1990.103, which states in part:
Potential occupational carcinogen means any substance, or combination or
mixture of substances, which causes an increased incidence of benign and/or
malignant
neoplasms, or a substantial decrease in the latency period between exposure
and onset of neoplasms in humans or in one or more experimental mammalian
species as the result of any oral, respiratory or dermal exposure, or any
other exposure which results in the induction of tumors at a site other than
the site of administration. This definition also includes any substance which
is metabolized into one or more potential occupational carcinogens by mammals.
When thresholds for carcinogens that would protect 100% of the
population had not been identified, NIOSH usually recommended that
occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible
concentration. To ensure maximum protection from carcinogens through the
use of respiratory protection, NIOSH also recommended that only the most
reliable
and protective respirators be used. These respirators include (1) a
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that has a full facepiece and is
operated in a positive-pressure mode, or (2) a supplied-air respirator that
has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary SCBA operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations to be Revised
The RELs and respirator recommendations for carcinogens listed in this
edition of the Pocket Guide still reflect the old policy. Changes in
the RELs and respirator recommendations that reflect the new policy will be
included in future editions.
Return to Top of Page
APPENDIX B
Thirteen OSHA-Regulated Carcinogens
Without establishing PELs, OSHA promulgated standards in 1974 to
regulate the industrial use of 13 chemicals identified as potential
occupational
carcinogens.
- 2-Acetylaminofluorene
- 4-Aminodiphenyl
- Benzidine
- bis-Chloromethyl ether
- 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
- 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
- Ethyleneimine
- Methyl chloromethyl ether
- alpha-Naphthylamine
- beta-Naphthylamine
- 4-Nitrobiphenyl
- N-Nitrosodimethylamine
- beta-Propiolactone
Exposures of workers to these 13
chemicals are to be controlled through the required use of engineering
controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment, including
respirators.
See 29 CFR 1910.1003-1910.1016 for specific details of these requirements.
Respirator selections in the Pocket Guide are based on NIOSH policy, which
considers the 13 chemicals to be potential occupational carcinogens.
Return to Top of Page
APPENDIX C
Supplementary Exposure Limits
Aldehydes (Low-Molecular-Weight)
Exposure to acetaldehyde has produced nasal tumors in rats and laryngeal
tumors in hamsters, and exposure to malonaldehyde has produced thyroid gland
and
pancreatic islet cell tumors in rats. NIOSH therefore recommends that
acetaldehyde and
malonaldehyde be considered potential occupational carcinogens in conformance
with the OSHA carcinogen policy.
Testing has not been completed to determine the
carcinogenicity of acrolein, butyraldehyde (CAS#: 123-72-8), crotonaldehyde,
glutaraldehyde, glyoxal (CAS#: 107-22-2), paraformaldehyde (CAS#: 30525-89-4),
propiolaldehyde (CAS#: 624-67-9), propionaldehyde (CAS#: 123-38-6), and
n-valeraldehyde, nine related low-molecular-weight-aldehydes.
However, the limited studies to date indicate that these substances have
chemical reactivity and mutagenicity similar to acetaldehyde and
malonaldehyde. Therefore, NIOSH recommends that careful consideration should
be given to reducing exposures
to these nine related aldehydes.
Further information can be found in the "NIOSH
Current Intelligence Bulletin 55: Carcinogenicity of Acetaldehyde and
Malonaldehyde, and Mutagenicity of Related Low-Molecular-Weight Aldehydes"
[DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 91-112.]
Asbestos
NIOSH considers asbestos to be a potential occupational carcinogen and recommends that exposures be reduced to the lowest feasible concentration. For asbestos fibers >5 micrometers in length, NIOSH recommends a REL of 100,000 fibers per cubic meter of air (100,000 fibers/m3), which is equal to 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 fiber/cm3), as determined by a 400-liter air sample collected over 100 minutes in accordance with NIOSH Analytical Method #7400. Airborne asbestos fibers are defined as those particles having (1) an aspect ratio of 3 to 1 or greater and (2) the mineralogic characteristics (that is, the crystal structure and elemental composition) of the asbestos minerals and their nonasbestiform analogs. The asbestos minerals are defined as chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. In addition, airborne cleavage fragments from the nonasbestiform habits of the serpentine minerals antigorite and lizardite, and the amphibole minerals contained in the series cummingtonite-grunerite, tremolite-ferroactinolite, and glaucophane-riebeckite should also be counted as fibers provided they meet the criteria for a fiber when viewed microscopically.
As found in 29 CFR 1910.1001, the OSHA PEL for asbestos fibers (i.e.,
actinolite asbestos, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, chrysotile, crocidolite,
and tremolite asbestos) is an 8-hour TWA airborne concentration of 0.1 fiber
(longer than 5 micrometers and having a length-to-diameter ratio of at least 3
to 1)
per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 fiber/cm3), as determined by the
membrane filter method at approximately 400X magnification with phase contrast
illumination. No worker should be exposed in excess of 1 fiber/cm3
(excursion limit)as averaged over a sampling period of 30 minutes.
Benzidine-, o-Tolidine, and o-Dianisidine-based Dyes
In December 1980, OSHA and NIOSH jointly published the Health Hazard
Alert: Benzidine-, o-Tolidine-, and o-Dianisidine-based Dyes.
In this Alert, OSHA and NIOSH concluded that benzidine and benzidine-based
dyes were potential occupational carcinogens and recommended that worker
exposure be reduced to the lowest feasible level.
OSHA and NIOSH further concluded that o-tolidine and o-dianisidine (and
dyes based on them) may present a cancer risk to workers and should be
handled with caution and exposure minimized.
Carbon Black
NIOSH considers "Carbon Black" to be the material consisting of more than 80%
elemental carbon, in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles and
coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, that is obtained by the
partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons.
The NIOSH REL (10-hour TWA) for carbon black is 3.5 mg/m3. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate polycyclic organic material (PPOM),
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) are terms frequently used to
describe various petroleum-based substances that NIOSH considers to be
potential occupational carcinogens. Since some of these aromatic hydrocarbons
may be formed during the manufacture of carbon black (and become adsorbed on
the carbon black), the NIOSH REL (10-hour TWA) for carbon black in the presence
of PAHs is 0.1 mg PAHs/m3 (measured as the cyclohexane-extractable fraction).
The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for carbon black is 3.5 mg/m3.
Chloroethanes
NIOSH considers ethylene dichloride; hexachloroethane;
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; and 1,1,2-trichloroethane; to be potential
occupational carcinogens.
Additionally, NIOSH recommends that the other five chloroethane
compounds:
- 1,1-Dichloroethane
- Ethyl chloride
- Methyl chloroform
- Pentachloroethane
- 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
be treated in the workplace with caution because of their structural
similarity to the four chloroethanes shown to be carcinogenic in animals.
Chromic Acid and Chromates (as CrO3), Chromium(II) and
Chromium(III) Compounds (as Cr), and Chromium Metal (as Cr)
The NIOSH REL (10-hour TWA) is 0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3 for all
hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds. NIOSH considers all Cr(VI) compounds
(including chromic acid, tert-butyl chromate, zinc chromate, and chromyl
chloride) to be potential occupational carcinogens.
The NIOSH REL (8-hour TWA) is 0.5 mg Cr/m3 for chromium
metal and chromium(II) and chromium(III) compounds.
The OSHA PEL is 0.1 mg CrO3/m3 (ceiling) for
chromic acid and chromates (including tert-butyl chromate with a "skin"
designation and zinc chromate); 0.5 mg Cr/m3 (8-hour TWA) for
chromium(II) and chromium(III)
compounds; and 1 mg Cr/m3 (8-hour TWA) for chromium metal and
insoluble salts.
Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles
NIOSH considers coal tar products (i.e., coal tar, coal tar pitch, or
creosote) to be potential occupational carcinogens; the NIOSH REL (10-hour
TWA) for coal tar products is 0.1 mg/m3 (cyclohexane-extractable
fraction).
The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for coal tar pitch volatiles is 0.2
mg/m3 (benzene-soluble fraction). OSHA defines "coal tar pitch
volatiles" in 29 CFR 1910.1002 as the fused polycyclic hydrocarbons that
volatilize from the
distillation residues of coal, petroleum (excluding asphalt), wood, and other
organic matter and includes substances such as anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP), phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene, etc.
Coke Oven Emissions
The production of coke by the carbonization of bituminous coal leads to the
release of chemically-complex emissions from coke ovens that include both
gases and
particulate matter of varying chemical composition.
The emissions include coal tar
pitch volatiles (e.g., particulate polycyclic organic matter [PPOM],
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
[PNAs]),
aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene and beta-naphthylamine), trace metals (e.g.,
arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel), and gases (e.g.,
nitric
oxides and sulfur dioxide).
Cotton Dust (raw)
NIOSH recommends reducing exposures to cotton dust to the lowest
feasible concentration to reduce the prevalence and severity of byssinosis;
the REL is
<0.200 mg/m3 (as lint-free cotton dust).
As found in OSHA Table Z-1 (29 CFR 1910.1000), the PEL for cotton dust
(raw) is 1 mg/m3 for the cotton waste processing operations of
waste
recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning, and willowing) and garnetting.
PELs for other sectors (as found in 29 CFR 1910.1043) are 0.200
mg/m3 for yarn manufacturing and cotton washing operations, 0.500
mg/m3 for textile mill waste house operations or for dust from
"lower grade washed cotton" used during yarn manufacturing, and 0.750
mg/m3 for textile slashing and weaving operations.
The OSHA standard in 29 CFR 1910.1043 does not apply to cotton harvesting,
ginning, or the handling and processing of woven or knitted materials and
washed cotton.
All PELs for cotton dust are mean concentrations of lint-free, respirable
cotton dust collected by the vertical elutriator or an equivalent method and
averaged over an 8-hour period.
Lead
NIOSH considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, lead oxides, and lead
salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but excluding lead
arsenate).
The NIOSH REL for lead (8-hour TWA) is 0.050 mg/m3; air
concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less
than 0.060 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood.
OSHA considers "Lead" to mean metallic lead, all inorganic lead
compounds (lead oxides and lead salts), and a class of organic compounds
called soaps;
all other lead compounds are excluded from this definition.
The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) is 0.050 mg/m3; other OSHA requirements
can be found in 29 CFR 1910.1025. The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for lead in
"non-ferrous foundries with less than 20 employees" is 0.075 mg/m3.
Mineral Dusts
The OSHA PELS for "mineral dusts" listed below are from Table Z-3 of
29 CFR 1910.1000. The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for crystalline silica
(as respirable quartz) is either 250 mppcf divided by the value "%SiO2 + 5"
or 10 mg/m3 divided by the value "%SiO2 + 2." The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for
crystalline silica (as total quartz) is 30 mg/m3 divided by the value "%SiO2 + 2."
The OSHA PELs (8-hour TWAs) for cristobalite and tridymite are « the values
calculated above using the count or mass formulae for quartz.
The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for amorphous silica (including diatomaceous earth)
is either 80 mg/m3 divided by the value "%SiO2," or 20 mppcf.
The OSHA PELs (8-hour TWAs) for talc (not containing asbestos), mica, and
soapstone are 20 mppcf. The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for portland cement is
50 mppcf. The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for graphite (natural) is 15 mppcf.
The PELs for talc (not containing asbestos), mica, soapstone, and portland
cement are applicable if the material contains less than 1% crystalline
silica.
The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for coal dust (as the respirable fraction) containing less than 5% SiO2 is 2.4 mg/m3 divided by the value "%SiO2 + 2." The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for coal dust (as the respirable fraction) containing greater than or equal to 5% SiO2 is 10 mg/m3 divided by the value "%SiO2 + 2."
NIAX® Catalyst ESN
In May 1978, OSHA and NIOSH jointly published the Current Intelligence
Bulletin (CIB) 26: NIAX® Catalyst ESN.
In this CIB, OSHA and NIOSH recommended that occupational exposure to
NIAX® Catalyst ESN, its components, dimethylaminopropionitrile and
bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)ether, as well as formulations containing either
component, be minimized.
Exposures should be limited to as few workers as possible, while minimizing
workplace exposure concentrations with effective work practices and
engineering controls.
Exposed workers should be carefully monitored for potential disorders of the
nervous and genitourinary system. Although substitution is a possible control
measure,
alternatives to NIAX® Catalyst ESN or its components should be carefully
evaluated with regard to possible adverse health effects.
Trichloroethylene
NIOSH considers trichloroethylene (TCE) to be a potential occupational
carcinogen and recommends a REL of 2 ppm (as a 60-minute ceiling) during
the usage of TCE as an anesthetic agent and 25 ppm (as a 10-hour TWA) during
all other
exposures.
Tungsten Carbide (Cemented)
"Cemented tungsten carbide" or "hard metal" refers to a mixture of tungsten
carbide, cobalt, and sometimes metal oxides or carbides and other metals
(including nickel).
When the cobalt (Co) content exceeds 2%, its contribution to the
potential hazard is judged to exceed that of tungsten carbide.
Therefore, the NIOSH REL (10-hour TWA) for cemented tungsten carbide
containing >2% Co is 0.05 mg Co/m3; the applicable OSHA PEL is 0.1
mg
Co/m3 (8-hour TWA). Nickel (Ni) may sometimes be used as a binder
rather than cobalt.
NIOSH considers cemented tungsten carbide containing nickel to be a potential
occupational carcinogen and recommends a REL of 0.015 mg Ni/m3
(10-hour TWA).
The OSHA PEL for Insoluble Nickel (i.e., a 1 mg Ni/m3 8-hour TWA)
applies to mixtures of tungsten carbide and nickel.
Return to Top of Page
APPENDIX D
Substances with No Established RELs
After reviewing available published literature, NIOSH provided comments
to OSHA on August 1, 1988, regarding the "Proposed Rule on Air Contaminants"
(29 CFR 1910, Docket No. H-020).
In these comments, NIOSH questioned whether the PELs proposed (and listed
below) for the following substances included in the Pocket Guide were adequate
to protect workers from recognized health hazards:
- Acetylene tetrabromide [TWA 1 ppm]
- Chlorobenzene [TWA 75 ppm]
- Coal dust (<5%SiO2) [TWA 2 mg/m3 (as the respirable dust fraction)]
- Coal dust (> or = 5% SiO2) [TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (as the respirable quartz fraction)]
- Ethyl bromide [TWA 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm]
- Ethylene glycol [Ceiling 50 ppm]
- Ethyl ether [TWA 400 ppm; STEL 500 ppm]
- Fenthion [TWA 0.2 mg/m3 (skin)]
- Furfural [TWA 2 ppm (skin)]
- 2-Isopropoxyethanol [TWA 25 ppm]
- Isopropyl acetate [TWA 250 ppm; STEL 310 ppm]
- Isopropylamine [TWA 5 ppm; STEL 10 ppm]
- Manganese tetroxide (as Mn) [TWA 1 mg/m3]
- Molybdenum (soluble compounds as Mo) [TWA 5 mg/m3]
- Nitromethane [TWA 100 ppm]
- m-Toluidine [TWA 2 ppm (skin)]
- Triethylamine [TWA 10 ppm; STEL 15 ppm]
At that time, NIOSH also conducted a limited evaluation of the
literature and concluded that the documentation cited by OSHA was inadequate
to support
the proposed PEL (as an 8-hour TWA) of 10 mg/m3 for alpha-alumina,
benomyl, emery, glycerine (mist), graphite (synthetic), magnesium oxide fume,
molybdenum (insoluble compounds as Mo), particulates not otherwise regulated,
picloram, and rouge.
Return to Top of Page
APPENDIX E
OSHA Respirator Requirements for Selected Chemicals
Revisions to the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134) became effective on
April 8, 1998. Incorporated within the preamble of this ruling were changes to OSHA
regulations for several chemicals or substances, which are listed as subheadings in blue text
throughout this appendix. These subheadings, which are also the titles of the affected standards
within 29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926, are followed by the standard number(s) in parentheses
and the OSHA respirator requirements. Fit testing is required by OSHA for all tight-fitting
air-purifying respirators. Please consult 29 CFR 1910.134 for the full content of the changes
that apply. For all of the chemicals listed in this appendix, any respirators that are permitted at
higher environmental concentrations can be used at lower concentrations.
13 Carcinogens (4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.) (1910.1003)
Employees engaged in handling operations involving the carcinogens listed below must
be provided with, and required to wear and use, a half-mask filter-type respirator for dusts, mists,
and fumes. A respirator affording higher levels of protection than this respirator may be
substituted.
|
2-Acetylaminofluorene
|
4-Dimethylaminoazobenezene
|
beta-Naphthylamine |
|
4-Aminodiphenyl |
Ethyleneimine |
4-Nitrobiphenyl |
|
Benzidine |
Methyl chloromethyl
ether |
N-Nitrosodimethylamine |
|
bis-Chloromethyl
ether |
alpha-Naphthylamine |
beta-Propiolactone |
|
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) |
|
Acrylonitrile (1910.1045)
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Respirator Type |
|
< or = 20 ppm (parts per million) |
(1) Chemical cartridge respirator with organic
vapor cartridge(s) and half-mask facepiece; or
(2) Supplied-air respirator with half-mask
facepiece. |
|
< or = 100 ppm or maximum
use concentration of
cartridges or canisters, whichever is lower |
(1) Full-facepiece respirator with (A) organic
vapor cartridges,
(B) organic vapor gas mask, chin-style, or (C)
organic vapor gas mask canister, front- or
back-mounted; (2) Supplied-air respirator with
full facepiece; or (3) Self-contained breathing
apparatus with full facepiece. |
|
< or = 4,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator operated in
positive-pressure mode with full facepiece,
helmet, suit, or hood. |
|
> 4,000 ppm or unknown concentration |
(1) Supplied-air and auxiliary self-contained
breathing apparatus with full facepiece in
positive-pressure mode; or (2) Self-contained
breathing apparatus with full facepiece in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece in positive-pressure mode. |
|
Escape |
(1) Any organic vapor respirator; or
(2) Any self-contained breathing apparatus. |
Arsenic, inorganic (1910.1018)
|
Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Inorganic Arsenic Particulate
Except for Those With Significant Vapor Pressure |
|
Airborne Concentration
(as As) or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 100 µg/m3 (micrograms
per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask air-purifying
respirator equipped with
high-efficiency filter*; or (2)
Any half-mask supplied air
respirator. |
|
< or = 500 µg/m3 |
(1) Full facepiece air-purifying
respirator equipped with
high-efficiency filter*; (2) Any
full-facepiece supplied-air
respirator; or
(3) Any full-facepiece
self-contained breathing
apparatus. |
|
< or = 10,000 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying
respirators in all inlet face
coverings with high-efficiency
filters*; or (2) Half-mask
supplied-air respirators
operated in positive-pressure
mode. |
|
< or = 20,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with
full facepiece, hood, or helmet
or suit, operated in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
> 20,000 µg/m3, unknown concentrations, or firefighting
|
Any full-facepiece
self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-disperesed
particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
| |
|
|
|
Requirements for Respiratory Protection for
Inorganic Arsenicals With Significant Vapor Pressure |
|
Airborne Concentration
(as As) or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 100 µg/m3 (micrograms
per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask* air-purifying respirator
equipped with high-efficiency filter** and acid
gas cartridge; or (2) Any half-mask*
supplied-air respirator. |
|
< or = 500 µg/m3 |
(1) Front- or back-mounted gas mask equipped
with high-efficiency filter** and acid gas
canister; (2) Any full-facepiece supplied-air
respirator; or (3) Any full-facepiece
self-contained breathing apparatus. |
|
< or = 10,000 µg/m3 |
Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
< or = 20,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece,
hood, or helmet or suit, operated in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
> 20,000 µg/m3, unknown
concentrations, or firefighting |
Any full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in positive-pressure mode.
|
|
* Half-mask respirators shall not be used for protection against arsenic trichloride, as it is
rapidly absorbed through the skin.
** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against
mono-disperesed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Asbestos (1910.1001 & 1926.1101)
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 1 f/cm3 (fibers per cubic centimeter)
(10 X PEL) |
Half-mask air-purifying respirator other than a
disposable respirator, equipped with
high-efficiency filters*. |
|
< or = 5 f/cm3 (50 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator
equipped with high-efficiency filters*. |
|
< or = 10 f/cm3 (100 X PEL) |
Any powered air-purifying respirator equipped
with high-efficiency filters* or any supplied-air
respirator operated in continuous-flow mode.
|
|
< or = 100 f/cm3 (1,000 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece supplied air respirator operated
in pressure-demand mode. |
|
> 100 f/cm3 (1,000 X PEL),
or unknown concentrations |
Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated
in pressure-demand mode, equipped with an
auxiliary positive-pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus. |
|
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed
particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Benzene (1910.1028)
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 10 ppm (parts per million) |
Half-mask air-purifying respirator with organic
vapor cartridge. |
|
< or = 50 ppm |
(1) Full-facepiece respirator with organic
vapor cartridges; or
(2) Full-facepiece gas mask with chin-style
canisters*. |
|
< or = 100 ppm |
Full-facepiece powered air-purifying respirator
with organic vapor canister*. |
|
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator with full facepiece in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
> 1,000 ppm or
unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with
full facepiece in positive-pressure mode; or (2)
Full-facepiece positive-pressure supplied-air
respirator with auxiliary self-contained air
supply. |
|
Escape |
(1) Any organic vapor gas mask; or (2) Any
self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece. |
|
Firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus in positive-pressure mode. |
|
* Canisters must have a minimum service life of four (4) hours when tested at 150 ppm
benzene, at a flow rate of 64 liters per minute (LPM), 25°C, and 85% relative humidity for
non-powered air-purifying respirators. The flow rate shall be 115 LPM and 170 LPM,
respectively, for tight-fitting and loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirators. |
1,3-Butadiene (1910.1051)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 5 ppm (parts per million) |
Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece
respirator equipped with approved butadiene or
organic vapor cartridges or canisters.
Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every
4 hours. |
|
< or = 10 ppm |
Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece
respirator equipped with approved butadiene or
organic vapor cartridges or canisters.
Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every
3 hours. |
|
< or = 25 ppm |
(1) Air-purifying half-mask or full-facepiece
respirator equipped with approved butadiene or
organic vapor cartridges or canisters.
Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced every 2
hours;
(2) Any powered air-purifying respirator
equipped with approved butadiene or organic
vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or
canisters shall be replaced every [1] hour; or (3)
Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator
equipped with a hood or helmet. |
|
< or = 50 ppm |
(1) Air-purifying full-facepiece respirator
equipped with approved butadiene or organic
vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or
canisters shall be replaced every [1] hour; or (2)
Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)
equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and
approved butadiene or organic vapor
cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be replaced
every [1] hour. |
|
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Supplied-air respirator equipped with a
half-mask or full facepiece and operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode. |
|
> 1,000 ppm, unknown concentration, or
firefighting |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus
equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode; or (2) Any supplied-air respirator
equipped with a full facepiece and operated in
a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in
a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode. |
|
Escape from IDLH conditions
(IDLH is 2,000 ppm) |
(1) Any positive-pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus with an appropriate service
life; or (2) Any air-purifying full-facepiece
respirator equipped with a front- or
back-mounted butadiene or organic vapor
canister. |
Cadmium (1910.1027 & 1926.1127)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 50 µg/m3 (micrograms
per cubic meter) |
Half-mask, air-purifying respirator equipped
with a high-efficiency filter*. |
|
< or = 125 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with a
loose-fiting hood or helmet equipped with a
high-efficiency filter*; or (2) Supplied-air
respirator with a loose-fitting hood or helmet
facepiece operated in continuous-flow mode.
|
|
< or = 250 µg/m3 |
(1) Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator
equipped with a high-efficiency filter*; (2)
Powered air-purifying respirator with a
tight-fitting half-mask equipped with a
high-efficiency filter*; or (3) Supplied-air
respirator with a tight-fitting half-mask
operated in continuous-flow mode. |
|
< or = 1,250 µg/m3 |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with a
tight-fitting full facepiece equipped with a
high-efficiency filter*; or (2) Supplied-air
respirator with a tight-fitting full facepiece
operated in continuous-flow mode. |
|
< or = 5,000 µg/m3 |
Supplied-air respirator with half-mask or full
facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode. |
|
> 5,000 µg/m3 or
unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with a
full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or
other positive-pressure mode; or (2)
Supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode and equipped with an
auxiliary escape-type self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in pressure-demand mode.
|
|
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode. |
|
Note: Quantitative fit testing is required for all tight-fitting air-purifying respirators where
airborne concentration of cadmium exceeds 10 times the TWA PEL (10 X 5 µg/m3 = 50
µg/m3). A full-facepiece respirator is required when eye irritation is expected.
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed
particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Coke oven emissions (1910.1029)
|
Airborne Concentration |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 1500 µg/m3 (micrograms per
cubic meter) |
(1) Any particulate filter respirator for dust and
mist except single-use respirator; or (2) Any
particulate filter respirator or combination
chemical cartridge and particulate filter
respirator for coke oven emissions. |
|
Any concentrations |
(1) Type C supplied-air respirator
operated in
pressure-demand or continuous-flow mode; (2)
Powered air-purifying particulate filter
respirator for dust and mist; or (3) Powered
air-purifying particulate filter respirator or
combination chemical cartridge and particulate
filter respirator for coke oven emissions. |
Cotton dust (1910.1043)
|
Airborne Concentration |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 5 X PEL |
Disposable respirator* with a particulate filter.
|
|
< or = 10 X PEL |
Quarter- or half-mask respirator, other than a
disposable respirator, equipped with
particulate filters. |
|
< or = 100 X PEL |
Full-facepiece respirator equipped with
high-efficiency particulate filters**. |
|
> 100 X PEL |
Powered air-purifying respirator equipped with
high-efficiency particulate filters. |
|
* A disposable respirator means the filter element is an inseparable part of the respirator.
** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against
mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher.
Notes:
Self-contained breathing apparatus are not required but are permitted respirators.
Supplied-air respirators are not required but are permitted under the following conditions:
Cotton dust concentration not greater than 10X the PEL: Any supplied air respirator; not
greater than 100X the PEL: Any supplied-air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, or hood;
greater than 100X the PEL: Supplied-air respirator operated in positive-pressure mode. |
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (1910.1044)
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 10 ppb (parts per billion) |
(1) Any supplied-air respirator; or (2) any
self-contained breathing apparatus. |
|
< or = 50 ppb |
(1) Any supplied-air respirator with full
facepiece, helmet, or hood; or (2) any
self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece. |
|
< or = 1,000 ppb |
Type C supplied-air respirator
operated in
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure or
continuous-flow mode. |
|
< or = 2,000 ppb |
Type C supplied-air respirator
with full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode, or with full facepiece,
helmet, or hood operated in continuous-flow
mode. |
|
> 2,000 ppb or entry and escape from
unknown concentrations |
(1) A combination respirator which includes a
Type C supplied-air respirator
with full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other positive
pressure or continuous-flow mode and an
auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus
operated in pressure-demand or
positive-pressure mode; or (2) Self-contained
breathing apparatus with full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode. |
|
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode. |
Ethylene oxide (1910.1047)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 50 ppm (parts per million) |
Full-facepiece respirator with ethylene oxide
approved canister, front- or back-mounted. |
|
< or = 2,000 ppm |
(1) Positive-pressure supplied-air respirator
equipped with full facepiece, hood, or helmet;
or (2) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator
(positive-pressure) equipped with hood,
helmet, or suit. |
|
> 2,000 ppm or
unknown concentrations |
(1) Positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus equipped with full facepiece; or (2)
Positive-pressure full-facepiece supplied-air
respirator equipped with an auxiliary
positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus. |
|
Firefighting |
Positive-pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus equipped with full facepiece. |
|
Escape |
Any respirator described above. |
Formaldehyde (1910.1048)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 7.5 ppm (parts per million) (10 X
PEL) |
Full-facepiece respirator with cartridges or
canisters specifically approved for protection
against formaldehyde*. |
|
< or = 75 ppm (100 X PEL) |
(1) Full-face mask respirator with chin style or
chest- or back-mounted type with industrial
size canister specifically approved for
protection against formaldehyde; or (2) Type C
supplied-air respirator,
demand type or continuous
flow type, with full facepiece, hood, or helmet.
|
|
> 75 ppm (100 X PEL) or unknown
concentrations (emergencies) |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with
positive-pressure full-facepiece; or (2)
Combination supplied-air, full-facepiece
positive-pressure respirator with auxiliary
self-contained air supply. |
|
Firefighting |
Self-contained breathing apparatus with
positive-pressure in full facepiece. |
|
Escape |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus in
demand or pressure-demand mode; or (2)
Full-face mask respirator with chin-style or
front- or back-mounted type industrial size
canister specifically approved for protection
against formaldehyde. |
|
* A half-mask respirator with cartridges specifically approved for protection against
formaldehyde can be substituted for the full-facepiece respirator providing that effective
gas-proof goggles are provided and used in combination with the half-mask respirator. |
Lead (1910.1025 & 1926.62)
|
Respirator Requirements of 1910.1025 (General Industry Lead Standard) |
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 0.5 mg/m3 (milligrams per cubic
meter) (10 X PEL) |
Half-mask* air-purifying respirator equipped
with high-efficiency filters**. |
|
< or = 2.5 mg/m3 (50 X PEL) |
Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator with
high-efficiency filters**. |
|
< or = 50 mg/m3 (1000 X PEL) |
(1) Any powered air-purifying respirator with
high-efficiency filters**; or
(2) Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated
in positive-pressure mode. |
|
< or = 100 mg/m3 (2000 X PEL) |
Supplied-air respirators with full facepiece,
hood, helmet, or suit, operated in
positive-pressure mode. |
|
> 100 mg/m3, unknown concentration, or
firefighting |
Full-facepiece, self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in positive-pressure mode.
|
|
* Full facepiece is required if the lead aerosols cause eye or skin irritation at the use
concentrations.
** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against
mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
|
Respirator Requirements of 1926.62 (Construction Lead Standard) |
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 0.5 mg/m3 (milligrams
per cubic meter) |
(1) Half-mask* air-purifying respirator with
high-efficiency filters**; or
(2) Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated
in demand (negative pressure) mode. |
|
< or = 1.25 mg/m3 |
(1) Loose-fitting hood or helmet powered
air-purifying respirator with high-efficiency
filters**; or (2) Hood or helmet supplied-air
respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode
(e.g., Type CE abrasive blasting respirators
operated in a continuous-flow mode). |
|
< or = 2.5 mg/m3 |
(1) Full-facepiece air-purifying respirator with
high-efficiency filters**;
(2) Tight-fitting powered air-purifying
respirator with high-efficiency filters**; (3)
Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated
in demand mode; (4) Half-mask* or
full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated
in a continuous-flow mode; or (5)
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in demand mode. |
|
< or = 50 mg/m3 |
Half-mask* supplied-air respirator operated in
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode. |
|
< or = 100 mg/m3 |
Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated
in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode (e.g., Type CE abrasive blasting
respirators
operated in a continuous-flow mode). |
|
> 100 mg/m3, unknown concentration, or
firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode. |
|
* Full facepiece is required if the lead aerosols cause eye or skin irritation at the use
concentrations.
** A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against
mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher. |
Methylene chloride (1910.1052)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 625 ppm (parts
per million) (25 X PEL) |
Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator, hood
or helmet. |
|
< or = 1250 ppm
(50 X PEL) |
(1) Full-facepiece supplied-air respirator
operated in negative-pressure (demand) mode;
or (2) Full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus operated in negative-pressure
(demand) mode. |
|
< or = 5,000 ppm
(200 X PEL) |
(1) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator,
full-facepiece; (2) Pressure-demand
supplied-air respirator, full-facepiece; or (3)
Positive-pressure full-facepiece self-contained
breathing apparatus. |
|
> 5,000 ppm or unknown concentration |
(1) Positive-pressure full-facepiece
self-contained breathing apparatus; or (2)
Full-facepiece pressure-demand supplied-air
respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air
supply. |
|
Firefighting |
Positive-pressure full-facepiece self-contained
breathing apparatus. |
|
Emergency escape |
(1) Any continuous-flow or pressure-demand
self-contained breathing apparatus; or (2) Gas
mask with organic vapor canister. |
4,4'-Methylenedianiline (1910.1050 & 1926.60)
|
Airborne Concentration or Condition of
Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 10 X PEL |
Half-mask respirator with high-efficiency*
cartridge**. |
|
< or = 50 X PEL |
Full-facepiece respirator with high-efficiency*
cartridge or canister**. |
|
< or = 1,000 X PEL |
Full-facepiece powered air-purifying respirator
with high-efficiency* cartridge**. |
|
> 1,000 X PEL or
unknown concentration |
(1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with
full facepiece in positive-pressure mode; or (2)
Full-facepiece positive-pressure demand
supplied-air respirator with auxiliary
self-contained air supply. |
|
Escape |
(1) Any full-facepiece air-purifying respirator
with high-efficiency* cartridges**; or (2) Any
positive-pressure or continuous-flow
self-contained breathing apparatus with full
facepiece or hood. |
|
Firefighting |
Full-facepiece self-contained breathing
apparatus in positive-pressure demand mode.
|
|
* A high-efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient against mono-dispersed
particles of 0.3 µm (micrometers) in diameter or higher.
** Combination High-Efficiency/Organic Vapor Cartridges shall be used whenever
Methylenedianiline is in liquid form or a process requiring heat is used. |
Vinyl Chloride (1910.1017)
|
Airborne Concentration
or Condition of Use |
Required Respirator |
|
< or = 10 ppm (parts per million) |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air
respirator,
demand type, with half facepiece, and
auxiliary self-contained air supply; (2) Type C
supplied-air respirator,
demand type, with half
facepiece; or (3) Any chemical cartridge
respirator with an organic vapor cartridge
which provides a service life of at least 1 hour
for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 10
ppm. |
|
< or = 25 ppm |
(1) Powered air-purifying respirator with hood,
helmet, full or half facepiece, and a canister
which provides a service life of at least 4 hours
for concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25
ppm; or (2) Gas mask with front- or
back-mounted canister which provides a
service life of at least 4 hours for
concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 25 ppm.
|
|
< or = 100 ppm |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air
respirator,
demand type, with full facepiece, and
auxiliary self-contained air supply; or (2)
Open-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus
with full facepiece, in demand mode; or (3)
Type C supplied-air respirator,
demand type, with
full facepiece. |
|
< or = 1,000 ppm |
Type C supplied-air respirator,
continuous-flow
type, with full or half facepiece, helmet, or
hood. |
|
< or = 3,600 ppm |
(1) Combination Type C supplied-air
respirator,
pressure demand type, with full or half
facepiece, and auxiliary self-contained air
supply; or (2) Combination type
continuous-flow supplied-air respirator with
full or half facepiece and auxiliary
self-contained air supply. |
|
> 3,600 ppm or
unknown concentration |
Open-circuit self-contained breathing
apparatus, pressure-demand type, with full
facepiece. |
Definitions for Type C and Type CE Respirators
The definitions below were obtained from the NIOSH Certified Equipment List, which is
available on the NIOSH Web site (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/cel).
Type C Respirator:An airline respirator, for entry into and escape from atmospheres not
immediately dangerous to life or health, which consists of a source of respirable breathing air, a
hose, a detachable coupling, a control valve, orifice, a demand valve or pressure demand valve,
and arrangement for attaching the hose to the wearer and a facepiece, hood, or helmet.
Type CE Respirator: A Type C supplied-air respirator equipped with additional devices
designed to protect the wearer's head and neck against impact and abrasion from rebounding
abrasive material, and with shielding material such as plastic, glass, woven wire, sheet metal, or
other suitable material to protect the window(s) of facepieces, hoods, and helmets which do not
unduly interfere with the wearer's vision and permit easy access to the external surface of such
window(s) for cleaning.