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CAS number: 98011
NIOSH REL: The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers.
Current OSHA PEL: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) TWA [skin]
1989 OSHA PEL: 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) TWA [skin]
1993-1994 ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3) TWA [skin]
Description of Substance: Colorless to amber liquid with an almondlike odor.
LEL: . . 2.1% (10% LEL, 2,100 ppm)
Original (SCP) IDLH: 250 ppm
Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the statement that 260 ppm was the lethal concentration for rats, but caused no deaths in mice or rabbits [Quaker Oats cited by AIHA 1965].
Short-term exposure guidelines: None developed
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
Lethal concentration data:
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Other animal data: It has been stated that 260 ppm (duration of exposure undefined) caused no deaths in mice or rabbits [Quaker].
Human data: Widespread eye and respiratory tract irritation has been noted in workers exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 16 ppm [Apol and Lucas 1975]. Headaches, itching of the throat, and red and weeping eyes have occurred at concentrations ranging from 1.9 to 14 ppm [Korenman and Resnik 1930].
| Revised IDLH: 100 ppm
Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for furfural is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Apol and Lucas 1975; Korenman and Resnik 1930] and animals [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Terrill et al. 1989]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 16 ppm. |
REFERENCES:
1. AIHA [1965]. Furfural. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:196199.
2. Apol AG, Lucas JB [1975]. Health hazard evaluation, Pacific Grinding Wheel Co., Maysville, WA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 7318171, NTIS No. 246444.
3. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Furfural (2furaldehyde; pyromucic aldehyde; artificial oil of ants). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 279280.
4. Korenman IM, Resnik IB [1930]. Furfural as an industrial poison and its determination in the air. Arch Hyg 104:344357 (in German). [From ACGIH [1991]. Furfural. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 694695.]
5. Quaker Oats [?]. Physiological data on QO furfural. Chicago, IL: Quaker Oats Company, Chemicals Division. [From AIHA [1965]. Furfural. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:196199.]
6. Terrill JB, Van Horn WE, Robinson D, Thomas DL [1989]. Acute
inhalation toxicity of furan, 2methyl furan, furfuryl alcohol,
and furfural in the rat. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 50:A359A361.
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